Summary

Hypertension is a major public health concern worldwide because of its rising prevalence and concomitant risks of cardiovascular diseases. Coping strategies may encompass a full spectrum of clinical, epidemiological, experimental, and technological factors to inspire front-line practices and shape critical thinking. This entry collection aims to assemble entries of wealthy topics related to clinical, therapeutic, and population sciences of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases that could inform research scientists and healthcare professionals.

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Entries
Topic Review
Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Mitochondrial Metabolism in Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of systemic disorders threatening human health with complex pathogenesis, among which mitochondrial energy metabolism reprogramming has a critical role. Mitochondria are cell organelles that fuel the energy essential for biochemical reactions and maintain normal physiological functions of the body. Mitochondrial metabolic disorders are extensively involved in the progression of CVD, especially for energy-demanding organs such as the heart. Therefore, elucidating the role of mitochondrial metabolism in the progression of CVD is of great significance to further understand the pathogenesis of CVD and explore preventive and therapeutic methods.
  • 379
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Inflammatory Role of Medin in Vascular Disease
Medin, a small 50-amino acid peptide, is an internal cleaved product from the second discoidin domain of milk fat globule epidermal growth factor VIII (MFG-E8) protein. Medin has been reported as the most common amylogenic protein in the upper part of the arterial system, including aortic, temporal, and cerebral arterial walls in the elderly. Medin has a high affinity to elastic fibers and is closely associated with arterial degenerative inflammation, elastic fiber fragmentation, calcification, and amyloidosis. In vitro, treating with the medin peptide promotes the inflammatory phenotypic shift of both endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies demonstrate that medin enhances the abundance of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species produced by both endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells and promotes vascular endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffening. Immunostaining and immunoblotting analyses of human samples indicate that the levels of medin are increased in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm/dissection, temporal arteritis, and cerebrovascular dementia. Thus, medin peptide could be targeted as a biomarker diagnostic tool or as a potential molecular approach to curbing the arterial degenerative inflammatory remodeling that accompanies aging and disease.
  • 511
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Antiplatelet Therapy
Antiplatelet therapy (APT) reduces platelet response to vascular damage, an increase in the potency, dosage, and/or duration of APT also inevitably increases the patient’s risk of bleeding. This has been observed in the results of large-scale studies involving tens of thousands of patients. In other words, APT cannot reduce both ischemic and bleeding risks; rather, it poses a technological limitation that has yet to be overcome by innovations.
  • 381
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Therapies for Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in the world, with an estimated prevalence of 2 to 4%. It is defined as supraventricular tachyarrhythmia with uncoordinated atrial electrical activation, which results in chaotic and irregular activation of atrial pacemaker cells and thus ineffective mechanical contraction of the atrial chambers.
  • 418
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
G-Proteins in Cardiovascular Diseases
G-proteins are a family of specialized proteins that can bind to nucleotides, i.e., guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP); thus, they are also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. G-proteins are either composed of a single subunit (monomeric) or multiple subunits (heterotrimeric). G-proteins and their receptors are extensively expressed in the cardiovascular system and are involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Much of the G-protein signaling is mediated by several signaling effectors, such as adenylyl cyclase (AC), Ras homology (Rho), cell division cycle 42 (cdc42), phospholipase C (PLC), and SRC, which contribute to various diverse cellular processes.
  • 403
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cardiothoracic Surgical Critical Care Medicine
Cardiothoracic surgical critical care medicine (CT-CCM) is a medical discipline centered on the perioperative care of diverse groups of patients. With an aging demographic and an increase in burden of chronic diseases the utilization of cardiothoracic surgical critical care units is likely to escalate. Given these projections, it is important to assess the state of cardiothoracic surgical intensive care, to develop goals and objectives for the future, and to identify knowledge gaps in need of scientific inquiry.
  • 621
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Disease and Exercise
Inactivity is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Exercise may greatly enhance the metabolism and function of the cardiovascular system, lower several risk factors, and prevent the development and treatment of cardiovascular disease while delivering easy, physical, and emotional enjoyment. Exercise regulates the cardiovascular system by reducing oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, regulating cardiovascular insulin sensitivity and the body’s metabolism, promoting stem cell mobilization, strengthening autophagy and myocardial mitochondrial function, and enhancing cardiovascular damage resistance, among other effects.
  • 421
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Bedside Ultrasound for Hemodynamic Monitoring in CICU
Thanks to the advances in medical therapy and assist devices, the management of patients hospitalized in cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) is becoming increasingly challenging. In fact, Patients in the cardiac intensive care unit are frequently characterized by dynamic and variable diseases, which may evolve into several clinical phenotypes based on underlying etiology and its complexity. Therefore, the use of noninvasive tools in order to provide a personalized approach to these patients, according to their phenotype, may help to optimize the therapeutic strategies towards the underlying etiology. Echocardiography is the most reliable and feasible bedside method to assess cardiac function repeatedly, assisting clinicians not only in characterizing hemodynamic disorders, but also in helping to guide interventions and monitor response to therapies. Beyond basic echocardiographic parameters, its application has been expanded with the introduction of new tools such as lung ultrasound (LUS), the Venous Excess UltraSound (VexUS) grading system, and the assessment of pulmonary hypertension, which is fundamental to guide oxygen therapy. 
  • 552
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Automatic Detection of Cardiovascular Disorders
The main cause of death worldwide is cardiovascular disease (CVD), which claims more than 17 million lives each year. CVD disease creates other pathological issues with the heart, heart valves, or blood vessels.
  • 452
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Broad Electrocardiogram Syndromes Spectrum
Electrocardiogram (ECG) still remains a very useful diagnostic method in modern cardiology. Its broad availability, noninvasiveness and good sensitivity explain why it plays a capital role in the very beginning of the process of diagnosis for every patient, with or without cardiac-related complaints. For the practitioner, good training in ECG interpretation is mandatory. Sometimes, the ECG trace reveals particular aspects that may cause confusion and complicate decision-making. Several less common situations underlying the general context and ECG features are presented. The syndromes studied have a high pathological significance and may range from acute emergencies that call for a rapid therapeutical response to chronic syndromes that require prolonged observation, monitoring and risk stratification.
  • 418
  • 30 Dec 2022
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