Summary

Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment. Today, it provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems. Environmental studies are incorporating more of the social sciences in order to understand human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. This entry collection features information about design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect.

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Entries
Topic Review
Pd Nanoparticles
Among transition metal nanoparticles, palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) are recognized for their high catalytic activity in a wide range of organic transformations that are of academic and industrial importance. The increased interest in environmental issues has led to the development of various green approaches for the preparation of efficient, low-cost and environmentally sustainable Pd-nanocatalysts.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Gaseous Emissions from the Composting Process
Compost can be used in agricultural activities due to its various positive impacts on the physical and chemical properties of the soil, meanwhile reducing utilization of inorganic fertilizers. Composting has also negative environmental impacts, some of them of social concern. This is the case of composting atmospheric emissions, especially in the case of greenhouse gases (GHG) and certain families of volatile organic compounds (VOC). 
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Ag-Decorated/Loaded Gas Sensors
Ag is one of the cheapest noble metals which is extensively used in the decoration or doping of semiconducting metal oxides (SMOs) to boost the overall gas-sensing performances of nanostructured SMOs. This is due to the electronic and chemical sensitization of Ag nanoparticles. 
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Urban Vulnerability
Urban vulnerability can be defined as the process produced by the combination of many disadvantaged dimensions in which any possibility of upward social mobility, and overcoming social condition exclusions, is extremely hard to achieve. Usually, the more vulnerable and distressed areas lack basic services and have a higher number of obsolete buildings, unfavorable social characteristics, vulnerable people, and more prominent gender differences. 
  • 4.7K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Oat Grain Quality
Oats (Avena sativa L.) belong to the main group of important cereal crops in Northern Europe and Northern America.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Water-Soluble Organic Matter
Inspired by studies on outdoor organic aerosols (OA), recent studies discusses and prioritizes issues related to indoor water-soluble OA and their effects on human health, providing a basis for future research in the field. The following three main topics are addressed: (1) what is known about the origin, mass contribution, and health effects of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) in outdoor air particles; (2) the current state-of-the-art on the WSOM in indoor air particles, the main challenges and opportunities for its chemical characterization and cytotoxicity evaluation; and (3) why the aerosol WSOM should be considered in future indoor air quality studies.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Hurdles in Struggle against Nanoplastic Pollution
Plastics are considered one of the most serious environmental global concerns as they are ubiquitous and contribute to the build-up of pollution. Nanoplastics are also an emerging environmental concern as little is known about their generation, degradation, transformation, ageing, and transportation. Owing to their small size, nanoplastics can be trapped by filter-feeding organisms and can enter the food chain at an early stage. 
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is a process that has been intensively studied for years and has become significant and frequent topic. Numerous papers are describing its mechanism and performance, but each highlights different aspects. Although numerous studies have been conducted on the topic of vermicomposting and each of them has contributed to understanding the role of vermicompost, there are still unknowns that need to be additionally explored to maximize the potential of vermicompost and to recoup the process itself according to specific needs.
  • 2.2K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Fukushima Accident: Perspectives on a Severe Accident Consequences
Scientific issues that draw international attention from the public and experts during the last 10 years after the Fukushima accident are discussed. An assessment of current severe accident analysis methodology, impact on the views of nuclear reactor safety, dispute on the safety of fishery products, discharge of radioactive water to the ocean, status of decommissioning, and needs for long-term monitoring of the environment are discussed.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Sustainability of Smart City
The sustainability of smart cities involves more than the environmental dimension; it encompasses a series of criteria that should be used to define actions and strategies for urban development, e.g., electricity and water consumption, transportation systems, waste management, security, technology inclusion, and sociocultural development, among others. 
  • 913
  • 25 Oct 2021
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