Summary

Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment. Today, it provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems. Environmental studies are incorporating more of the social sciences in order to understand human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. This entry collection features information about design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect.

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Entries
Topic Review
Roadkills for Monitor Raccoon Dog Populations
The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a highly invasive species, therefore knowledge regarding the population size, trends and spatial distribution is important for species assessment and for the planning of control measures. And the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is one of the most frequently killed species on Lithuanian roads.
  • 499
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Skeletal Fluorosis
Fluorine is widely dispersed in nature and has multiple physiological functions. Although it is usually regarded as an essential trace element for humans, this view is not held universally. Moreover, chronic fluorosis, mainly characterized by skeletal fluorosis, can be induced by long-term excessive fluoride consumption. High concentrations of fluoride in the environment and drinking water are major causes, and patients with skeletal fluorosis mainly present with symptoms of osteosclerosis, osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and degenerative changes in joint cartilage. Etiologies for skeletal fluorosis have been established, but the specific pathogenesis is inconclusive. Currently, active osteogenesis and accelerated bone turnover are considered critical processes in the progression of skeletal fluorosis. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies in fields of signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Hedgehog, parathyroid hone, and insulin signaling pathways), stress pathways (oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways), epigenetics (DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs), and their inter-regulation involved in the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis.
  • 759
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Environmental Applications of Chitin
Chitin’s environmentally friendly nature has been well documented, further allowing scientists to develop novel techniques utilizing chitin in the environmental sector. Chitin has a very high surface area due to the size of the biopolymer, which is applicable as a pollutant absorber and is used for other modifications that can be made into nanocomposites, best suited for environmental applications for soil and water pollutants.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
SWCNTs in Nanoelectronics
The unique tailored electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) render them promising platforms for nanoelectronics applications.
  • 759
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Beavers, Bugs and Chemistry
The North American beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl) and cottonwoods (Populus spp.) are foundation species, the interactions of which define a much larger community and affect a threatened riparian habitat type.
  • 678
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Driving Cycles for Estimating Vehicle Emission Levels
Standard driving cycles (DCs) and real driving emissions (RDE) legislation developed by the European Commission contains significant gaps with regard to quantifying local area vehicle emission levels and fuel consumption (FC). The aim of this paper was to review local DCs for estimating emission levels and FC under laboratory and real-world conditions. This review article has three sections.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Didymo
Didymosphenia geminata diatoms, or Didymo, was first found to be an invasive species that could have negative impacts on the environment due to the aggressive growth of its polysaccharide-based stalks.
  • 696
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Plant Parasitic Nematodes
Plant parasitic nematodes are a major problem for growers worldwide, causing severe crop losses. Several conventional strategies, such as chemical nematicides and biofumigation, have been employed in the past to manage their infection in plants and spread in soils. However, the search for the most sustainable and environmentally safe practices is still ongoing.
  • 715
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Brewing By-Products
Beer is one of the most widely consumed and popular beverages in the world, and is in first place when it comes to the most-consumed alcoholic beverages. The malting and brewing industries are characterized by the generation of large amounts of residues, which account for 85% of their total by-products. In general, these by-products are used as fertilizers, drained into the sewage as waste, or get incinerated. In line with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the food industry is becoming more aware of environmental changes and the negative environmental impacts of their processes and outputs. Sustainable initiatives and enthusiasm for the circular economy have led the brewing industry to reduce its environmental impact through the valorization of its by-products, either by their reduction or their re-incorporation into production processes. These materials are still nutritious, so they can be successfully utilized in various sectors (pharmaceutical, food, biotechnological, etc.).
  • 639
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Coastal Buffer Zones in Taiwan
The coastal buffer zone is the transition area between land and sea spaces, encompassing lagoons and intertidal zones. 
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Nov 2021
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