Summary

Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment. Today, it provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems. Environmental studies are incorporating more of the social sciences in order to understand human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. This entry collection features information about design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect.

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Entries
Topic Review
Glyphosate Pollution Treatment
Glyphosate (N-Phosphonomethyl-glycine) is a broad-spectrum herbicide extensively used worldwide to eliminate weeds in agricultural areas, control vegetation in urban areas, and accelerate the harvest of several crops. Recently was classified as a potentially carcinogenic compound, due to this several countries banned or are in the process of banning its use.
  • 722
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Aggregation News Platform
News aggregation platforms are services that pull together online content such as news and videos in one place for ease of viewing on mobile devices or websites. 
  • 596
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Nano/Microplastics in Plants
The ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in the environment is an undeniable and serious concern due to their higher persistence and extensive use in agricultural production.
  • 887
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Photovoltaic Panels
In the realm of solar power generation, photovoltaic (PV) panels are used to convert solar radiation into energy. They are subjected to the constantly changing state of the environment, resulting in a wide range of defects.
  • 681
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Insect Pest and Disease Threats to Forest Plantations
The planted forest area in Vietnam increased from 3.0 to 4.4 million hectares in the period 2010–2020, but the loss of productivity from pests and diseases continues to be a problem. During this period, frequent and systematic plantation forest health surveys were conducted on 12 native and 4 exotic genera of trees as well as bamboo across eight forest geographic regions of Vietnam. Damage caused by insects and pathogens was quantified in the field and laboratory in Hanoi. 
  • 586
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Nanocellulose-Based Materials for Water Treatment
Nanocelluloses are promising bio-nano-materials for use as water treatment materials in environmental protection and remediation. This review aims at giving an overview of nanocellulose requirements concerning emerging nanotechnologies of waster treatments and purification, i.e., adsorption, absorption, flocculation, photocatalytic degradation, disinfection, antifouling, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Film–Forming Kinetics in Organic Solar Cells
Solution–processed organic solar cells (OSC) have been explored widely due to their low cost and convenience, and impressive power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) which have surpassed 18%. In particular, the optimization of film morphology, including the phase separation structure and crystallinity degree of donor and acceptor domains, is crucially important to the improvement in PCE. Considering that the film morphology optimization of many blends can be achieved by regulating the film–forming process, it is necessary to take note of the employment of solvents and additives used during film processing, as well as the film–forming conditions.
  • 480
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cyanobacteria as Biocatalysts
Cyanobacteria constitute an interesting group of photosynthetic microorganisms due to their morphological and genetic diversity that is related to their extremely long evolution process. The diverse cell structure is characterized by the fact that they occur in many morphological forms, from small single cells through to larger ones as well as branches, threads, or spirals. In the field of biotechnology, biocatalysis, is enriched by the enzymatic systems of cyanobacteria, regarding their uniqueness as photosynthesis-dependent organisms.
  • 518
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Helminth Management
Understanding and managing the risk posed by helminth eggs (HE) is a key concern for wastewater engineers and public health regulators. The treatment processes that produce recycled water from sewage at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) rely on achieving a defined log10 reduction value (LRV) in HE concentration during the production of recycled water from sewage to achieve the guideline concentration of ≤1.0 HE/L.
  • 698
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Graphene, and Graphene Nanoribbons in Biomedicine
Graphene and graphene nanoribbons hold the promise for improving existing contrast agents as well as drug delivery and biosensing. The entry “Graphene, and Graphene Nanoribbons in Biomedicine” to Encyclopedia is dedicated to applications of graphene and graphene nanoribbons in biomedicine.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Nov 2021
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