Summary

Physics advocates research on unifying chemical bonds and recognized parallels on a different (and non-reductive) level, as per the concept of the Great Unification of Forces in Nature. From this perspective, a Physicochemical Grand Unification of Forces would be a worthy project for humankind in order to increase our undertanding of existence and to improve our lives. This entry collection aims to present an account of chemical bonds and interactions in nano- to maco-environments.

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Topic Review
Binders Used for the Manufacturing of Composite Materials
Binders, or tackifiers, have become widespread in the production of new composite materials by liquid composite molding (LCM) techniques due to their ability to stabilize preforms during laying-up and impregnation, as well as to improve fracture toughness of the obtained composites, which is very important in aviation, automotive, ship manufacturing, etc. Furthermore, they can be used in modern methods of automatic laying of dry fibers into preforms, which significantly reduces the labor cost of the manufacturing process.
  • 5.0K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Natural Emulsion Stabilizers
Natural emulsion stabilizers are polymers of amino acid, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, etc., which are derived from microorganisms, bacteria, and other organic materials. Plant and animal proteins are basic sources of natural emulsion stabilizers. Pea protein-maltodextrin and lentil protein feature entrapment capacity up to 88%, (1–10% concentrated), zein proteins feature 74–89% entrapment efficiency, soy proteins in various concentrations increase dissolution, retention, and stability to the emulsion and whey proteins, egg proteins, and proteins from all other animals are applicable in membrane formation and encapsulation to stabilize emulsion/nanoemulsion. In pharmaceutical industries, phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidyl ethanol-amine (PE), and phosphatidyl glycerol (PG)-based stabilizers are very effective as emulsion stabilizers. Lecithin (a combination of phospholipids) is used in the cosmetics and food industries. Various factors such as temperature, pH, droplets size, etc. destabilize the emulsion. Therefore, the emulsion stabilizers are used to stabilize, preserve and safely deliver the formulated drugs, also as a preservative in food and stabilizer in cosmetic products. Natural emulsion stabilizers offer great advantages because they are naturally degradable, ecologically effective, non-toxic, easily available in nature, non-carcinogenic, and not harmful to health.
  • 8.5K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Design of Ni-Based Single Crystal Superalloys
The most important performance characteristics of heat-resistant alloys (HRAs) are creep and fatigue resistance, which are very complex functions of chemical composition and microstructure. The microstructure of metal HRAs, among which the first place is occupied by Ni-based alloys, usually consists of two main phases: a solid solution based on the main element containing alloying elements (matrix), and a strengthening phase, which is usually used as intermetallides, carbides and silicides.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Metal (Mo, W, Ti) Carbides for Dry Reforming
Dry reforming of hydrocarbons (DRH) is a pro-environmental method for syngas production. It owes its pro-environmental character to the use of carbon dioxide, which is one of the main greenhouse gases. Transition metal carbides (TMCs) can potentially replace traditional nickel catalysts due to their stability and activity in DR processes. 
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Chromophoric Dendrimer-Based Materials
Dendrimers (from the Greek dendros → tree; meros → part) are macromolecules with well-defined three-dimensional and tree-like structures. Remarkably, this hyperbranched architecture is one of the most ubiquitous, prolific, and recognizable natural patterns observed in nature. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Developing Edible Starch Film Used for Packaging Seasonings
Edible starch-based film was developed for packaging seasoning applied in instant noodles. The edible film can quickly dissolve into hot water so that the seasoning bag can mix in the soup of instant noodles during preparation.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Alginate Application in Drug Delivery
Alginates are generally used in the food, beverage, cosmetic, paper, textile printing, and pharmaceutical industries. They have been utilized as stabilizers, thickeners, emulsifiers, and hydration and gelling agents. The main use of alginate in the biomedical industry is mainly focused on hydrogels used in wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue regeneration. The broad range of applications is due to its biocompatibility, low toxicity and relatively low-cost consumption, and structural similarity to the extracellular matrices of living tissue.
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
CO2 Activation on Catalyst Surfaces
Utilizing CO2 as a sustainable carbon source to form valuable products requires activating it by active sites on catalyst surfaces. These active sites are usually in or below the nanometer scale. Some metals and metal oxides in this scale dimension can catalyze the CO2 transformation reactions. Herein, CO2 activation on metal-based catalyst surfaces and how their structures impact the activation process are highlighted.
  • 4.3K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
MXene-Based Membranes
MXene (Figure 1a) is a younger member of the 2D family and has been widely fabricated into both laminar as well as pristine nanosheet membranes using different methods.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
In order to develop highly efficient and stable catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that do not contain precious metals, it is necessary to modify carbon nanotubes (CNT) and define the effect of the modification on their activity in the ORR. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Nov 2021
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