Summary

Neurodegeneration refers to the progressive loss of neuron structure or function, which may eventually lead to cell death. Many neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and prion disease, are the results of neurodegenerative processes. Neurodegeneration can be found in many different levels of neuronal circuits in the brain, from molecules to systems. Since there is no known method to reverse the progressive degeneration of neurons, these diseases are considered incurable. Biomedical research has revealed many similarities between these diseases at the subcellular level, including atypical protein assembly (such as protein diseases) and induction of cell death. These similarities indicate that progress in the treatment of one neurodegenerative disease may also improve other diseases. This collection of entries aims to collect various medical research results related to neurodegeneration. We invite researchers to share their new results and ideas related to neurodegeneration.

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Entries
Topic Review
cGAS–Sting Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease
There is mounting evidence that the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) interacts extensively with immunological processes in the brain and extends beyond the neuronal compartment. Accumulation of misfolded proteins can activate an innate immune response that releases inflammatory mediators and increases the severity and course of the disease. It is widely known that type-I interferon-driven neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) accelerates the development of numerous acute and chronic CNS diseases. It is becoming better understood how the cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS) and its adaptor protein Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) triggers type-I IFN-mediated neuroinflammation.
  • 832
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Impact of Sex Differences on Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with two-thirds of cases diagnosed in women. It is becoming clear that there is a complex interplay between the immune system, sex hormones and AD. Microglia are major players in the neuroinflammatory process occurring in AD and have been shown to be directly affected by sex hormones. 
  • 626
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Classes of Neuroanesthesia
Anesthesia in neurosurgery embodies a vital element in the development of neurosurgical intervention. This undisputed interest has offered surgeons and anesthesiologists an array of anesthetic selections to utilize, though with this allowance comes the equally essential requirement of implementing a maximally appropriate agent. General anesthetic agents can be categorized as those administered intravenously or inhaled, both pairs granting unique advantages. The latter of which can be further subdivided into either volatile or non-volatile agents. As the methods of administration vary, so do the proposed mechanisms of action for these substances.
  • 381
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently emerged as promising candidates for treating a variety of age-related conditions, including ageing frailty. MSCs can differentiate into different cell lineages and secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, that contain bioactive molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. These EVs can deliver cargo to target cells and influence cellular processes, such as inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, promoting tissue repair and regeneration.
  • 616
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes for the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles released by cells into the extracellular space. EVs can be classified as exosomes (EXs), microvesicles, or apoptotic bodies based on their origin and size. EXs are enclosed within a single phospholipid bilayer, secreted by all cell types, formed by the inward invagination of the endosomal membrane and fusion of the multivesicular body (MVB), and are typically 30–150 nm in diameter. Microvesicles are EVs that form from direct outward budding from the cell’s plasma membrane and are typically 100 nm to 1 µm in diameter. Pathogenic forms of α-synuclein (α-syn) are transferred to and from neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, which spread α-syn pathology in the olfactory bulb and the gut and then throughout the Parkinson’s disease (PD) brain and exacerbate neurodegenerative processes.
  • 560
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondria in Neurodegenerative Disease
Strong evidence suggests a correlation between degeneration and mitochondrial deficiency. Typical cases of degeneration can be observed in physiological phenomena (i.e., ageing) as well as in neurological neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. All these pathologies have the dyshomeostasis of mitochondrial bioenergy as a common denominator. 
  • 784
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Metals in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide (60–70% of cases), affecting over 55 million people. The role of metals in the pathogenesis of AD is still debated. Although previous research has linked changes in essential metal homeostasis and exposure to environmental heavy metals to the pathogenesis of AD, more research is needed to determine the relationship between metals and AD.
  • 698
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Glia Dysfunction in Major Mental Diseases
Microglia exert multiple functional roles and contribute to the building of the neuronal circuit through synaptic pruning and stripping during development; they participate in surveillance by secreting neurotrophic factors that react against infectious agents or toxic elements and engage in phagocytic debris clearance, including the removal of dying neurons. The role of glia dysfunction, particularly Bergmann Glia in glutamate removal, is well described in autism.
  • 609
  • 03 May 2023
Topic Review
Neurophysiology of Brain Networks
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the leading neurodegenerative disorders. It is considered a movement disorder, although it is accepted that many nonmotor symptoms accompany classic motor symptoms. The overlap of motor and nonmotor symptoms complicates the clinical diagnosis and management. Loss modulation secondary to the absence of dopamine due to degeneration of the substantia nigra compacta shows changes in firing rates and patterns, oscillatory activity, and higher interneuronal synchronization in the basal-ganglia-thalamus-cortex and nigrovagal network involvement in motor and nonmotor symptoms, respectively. These neurophysiological changes can be monitored by electrophysiological assessment, especially in the network oscillation in the beta band level in parkinsonism.
  • 636
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
PARK7/DJ-1 in Gut-Brain Axis Diseases
Parkinson’s disease 7 (PARK7/DJ-1) is a multifunctional protein whose protective role has been widely demonstrated in neurodegenerative diseases, including PD, AD, or ischemic stroke. Recent studies also revealed the importance of PARK7/DJ-1 in the maintenance of the gut microbiome and also in the regulation of intestinal inflammation. All these findings suggest that PARK7/DJ-1 may be a link and also a potential therapeutic target in gut and brain diseases.
  • 553
  • 26 Apr 2023
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