Summary

Gastrointestinal disease is a very common and frequently occurring disease, with a wide range of types and a total incidence of about 20% of the population. The cause of gastrointestinal disease is the imbalance between the protective mechanism and the injury mechanism of the human body. While traditional medicine kills harmful bacteria in the stomach, it also kills the beneficial bacteria necessary for the stomach. Although the symptoms are alleviated and inflammation is eliminated, the reduction of beneficial bacteria reduces the gastrointestinal immunity. Once the drug is stopped, it is easy to re-infect. There are many reasons for stomach problems, including genetics, environment, diet, drugs, bacterial infections, etc., as well as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. This collection of entries aims to collect various items related to the topic of gastrointestinal diseases, such as clinical care, case cases, disease research, etc., to help people increase their knowledge and understanding of this common disease

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Entries
Topic Review
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS) is widely performed worldwide for various benign and malignant biliary diseases in cases of difficult or unsuccessful endoscopic transpapillary cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Furthermore, its applicability as primary drainage has also been reported. Although recent advances in EUS systems and equipment have made EUS-HGS easier and safer, the risk of serious adverse events such as bile leak and stent migration still exists. Physicians and assistants need not only sufficient skills and experience in ERCP-related procedures and basic EUS-related procedures such as fine needle aspiration and pancreatic fluid collection drainage, but also knowledge and techniques specific to EUS-HGS.
  • 947
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Targeting of Intestinal Fibrosis in Crohn’s Disease
Intestinal fibrosis is one of the most threatening complications of Crohn’s disease. Endoscopic and surgical approaches are currently the only options available and there is an urgent need for targeted anti-fibrotic therapy. Several molecules investigated in preclinical studies, which are awaiting clinical trials in humans, have proven effective in CD stricturing phenotype and may be available in the near future as additional weapons in preventing or reversing intestinal fibrosis. 
  • 985
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Intraoperative Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux in Dogs/Cats
Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) is an anaesthetic complication that causes oesophageal inflammation and stricture in animals. There are many factors affecting the development of GOR during anaesthesia in dogs. Evidence in cats is even more scarce. More studies are necessary for safer conclusions.
  • 379
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Combined Biological Therapy for Refractory Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Current medical treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) does not achieve 100% response rates, and a subset of refractory and severely ill patients have persistent active disease after being treated with all possible drug alternatives. Ustekinumab plus vedolizumab and vedolizumab plus anti-TNF were the most used biological therapies (CoT) for Crohn’s disease. For ulcerative colitis, the most used CoTs were vedolizumab plus anti-TNF and vedolizumab plus tofacitinib. 
  • 553
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are a common disorder characterized by persistent and recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms. This is the result of abnormal gastrointestinal function.
  • 496
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Macrophages as Key Players in Intestinal Fibrogenesis
Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) without specific treatment. Macrophages are the key actors in inflammatory responses and the wound healing process. By their exceptional ability to integrate diverse stimuli in their surrounding environment, macrophages display a multitude of phenotypes to underpin a broad spectrum of functions, from the initiation to the resolution of inflammation following injury. The hypothesis that distinct macrophage subtypes could be involved in fibrogenesis and wound healing is emerging and could open up new therapeutic perspectives in the treatment of intestinal fibrosis. 
  • 781
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Membrane Efflux Pumps of Pathogenic Vibrio Species
Infectious diseases caused by bacterial species of the Vibrio genus have had considerable significance upon human health for centuries. V. cholerae is the causative microbial agent of cholera, a severe ailment characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, a condition associated with epidemics, and seven great historical pandemics. V. parahaemolyticus causes wound infection and watery diarrhea, while V. vulnificus can cause wound infections and septicemia. Species of the Vibrio genus with resistance to multiple antimicrobials have been a significant health concern for several decades. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance machinery in Vibrio spp. include biofilm formation, drug inactivation, target protection, antimicrobial permeability reduction, and active antimicrobial efflux. Integral membrane-bound active antimicrobial efflux pump systems include primary and secondary transporters, members of which belong to closely related protein superfamilies. The RND (resistance-nodulation-division) pumps, the MFS (major facilitator superfamily) transporters, and the ABC superfamily of efflux pumps constitute significant drug transporters for investigation.
  • 579
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Measurement of Pain in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affects a significant number of people. It is characterized by abdominal pain, bloating and an irregular bowel habit, varying from constipation to diarrhea. It can affect up to 8.8% of people worldwide and, in all countries, it affects women more often than men with a ratio of 1.4:1.
  • 808
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Dysregulation of the Gut Barrier Function during ALD
Chronic alcohol consumption and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) represent a major public health problem worldwide. Only a minority of patients with an alcohol-use disorder (AUD) develop severe forms of liver disease (e.g., steatohepatitis and fibrosis) and finally progress to the more advanced stages of ALD, such as severe alcohol-associated hepatitis and decompensated cirrhosis. Emerging evidence suggests that gut barrier dysfunction is multifactorial, implicating microbiota changes, alterations in the intestinal epithelium, and immune dysfunction. This failing gut barrier ultimately allows microbial antigens, microbes, and metabolites to translocate to the liver and into systemic circulation. Subsequent activation of immune and inflammatory responses contributes to liver disease progression.
  • 544
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Waterborne Cadmium Exposure on Zebrafish intestine
Cadmium (Cd) is an extremely toxic heavy metal released in the environment due to a plethora of anthropic processes. Here focused on the effects of two sublethal cadmium concentrations on cells of the gastrointestinal surface epithelium with particular attention to changes in the distribution of glycan residues and the morphological features of the intestine. To evaluate the defense response of the mucosa, the expression of metallothionein was investigated. Data demonstrate that cadmium modifies the presence and/or distribution of glycans in the brush border and cytoplasm of enterocytes and in the goblet cells cytoplasm. Results suggest a significant interference of cadmium, in dose and site-dependent manner, with mucosal efficiency. This effect could be a direct health risk for the organism exposed to the contamination and indirectly a risk for the trophic chain.
  • 688
  • 08 Mar 2022
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