Summary

Gastrointestinal disease is a very common and frequently occurring disease, with a wide range of types and a total incidence of about 20% of the population. The cause of gastrointestinal disease is the imbalance between the protective mechanism and the injury mechanism of the human body. While traditional medicine kills harmful bacteria in the stomach, it also kills the beneficial bacteria necessary for the stomach. Although the symptoms are alleviated and inflammation is eliminated, the reduction of beneficial bacteria reduces the gastrointestinal immunity. Once the drug is stopped, it is easy to re-infect. There are many reasons for stomach problems, including genetics, environment, diet, drugs, bacterial infections, etc., as well as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. This collection of entries aims to collect various items related to the topic of gastrointestinal diseases, such as clinical care, case cases, disease research, etc., to help people increase their knowledge and understanding of this common disease

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Entries
Topic Review
Type 2 Transglutaminase in Coeliac Disease
Coeliac disease (CD) is a multifactiorial enteropathy that affects the small intestine of genetically predisposed individuals. A condition of partial to total atrophy, together with crypt hyperplasia and consistent lymphocytic infiltration, characterises the intestinal mucosa of affected patients. The main environmental trigger is a heterogenic proteic component of some dietary cereals, commonly known as gluten. A strong immune response against gluten, both cellular and humoral, is mounted in CD, accompanied by a humoral autoimmune response against self-proteins, in particular type 2 transglutaminase (TG2).
  • 715
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Pathophysiological Concepts of Pulmonary Manifestation of Pediatric IBD
Pulmonary manifestation (PM) of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children is a rare condition. The exact pathogenesis is still unclear, but several explanatory concepts were postulated and several case reports in children were published. Different pathophysiological concepts were identified, including the shared embryological origin, “miss-homing” of intestinal based neutrophils and T lymphocytes, inflammatory triggering via certain molecules (tripeptide proline-glycine-proline, interleukin 25), genetic factors and alterations in the microbiome.
  • 494
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Pivotal Role of Inflammation in Celiac Disease
Celiac disease (CD) is an immune mediate disease characterised by gluten dependent T-cell mediated activation, autoimmunity and derangement of the intestinal mucosa in a specific genetic background. Although the activation of the T-cells has been studied in dept, the central question remains still unanswered, namely, why a pro-inflammatory T cell response to gluten is generated instead of a regulatory response, which normally promotes oral tolerance to dietary protein antigens. There is an inflamed environment in CD intestine, enriched in cytokines, such as IL-15, or type I interferons, in which T cells tend to acquire a pro- inflammatory phenotype. The factors that create a pro-inflammatory environment in the CD intestine, leading to an expansion of gliadin-specific T cells in genetically susceptible individuals and further shifting them towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype, remain to be identified. Gluten exacerbates these constitutive alterations, by increasing the same markers already altered before the gluten introduction, both in vitro and in vivo. All these new observations add this disease “tout court” to the big family of increasing chronic inflammatory diseases where nutrients can have pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects, directly or indirectly mediated by the intestinal microbiota, where the intestine functions as a cross road for the control of the inflammation both local and at distance.
  • 427
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Treatment Based on Nanomaterials
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global health problem responsible for 10% of all cancer incidences and 9.4% of all cancer deaths worldwide. The number of new cases increases per annum, whereas the lack of effective therapies highlights the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Conventional treatment methods, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are widely applied in oncology practice. Their therapeutic success is little, and therefore, the search for novel technologies is ongoing. Many efforts have focused recently on the development of safe and efficient cancer nanomedicines. Nanoparticles are among them. They are unique with their properties on a nanoscale and hold the potential to exploit intrinsic metabolic differences between cancer and healthy cells. This feature allows them to induce high levels of toxicity in cancer cells with little damage to the surrounding healthy tissues.
  • 816
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Biliary Atresia Animal Models
Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive fibro-obliterative process with a variable degree of inflammation involving the hepatobiliary system. Its consequences are incalculable for the patients, the affected families, relatives, and the healthcare system. Scientific communities have identified a rate of about 1 case per 10,000–20,000 live births, but the percentage may be higher, considering the late diagnoses. The etiology is heterogeneous. BA, which is considered in half of the causes leading to orthotopic liver transplantation, occurs in primates and non-primates. To consolidate any model, (1) more transport and cell membrane studies are needed to identify the exact mechanism of noxa-related hepatotoxicity; (2) an online platform may be key to share data from pilot projects and new techniques; and (3) the introduction of differentially expressed genes may be useful in investigating the liver metabolism to target the most intricate bilio-toxic effects of pharmaceutical drugs and toxins. 
  • 713
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Percutaneous Endoscopic Necrosectomy
The Percutaneous Endoscopic Necrosectomy (PEN) technique consists of percutaneous puncture of the pancreatic necrotic collection from retroperitoneal, or less frequently, transperitoneal access, under ultrasound or CT guidance. Next, a fully-coated, self-expandable esophageal stent is inserted across the puncture, with its distal end reaching the necrotic collection lumen and its proximal end located outside the patient’s body. During PEN, a flexible endoscope (usually a gastroscope) is inserted along the esophageal stent lumen and necrosectomy (mechanical evaluation of necrotic debris from the cavity) is performed using various endoscopic instruments. During the procedure, the cavity is extensively flushed, usually with physiological saline, and the contents are aspirated. If subsequent PEN procedures are required, the esophageal stent is retained in the percutaneous location, with the introduction of plastic endoprostheses or drainage tubes along its lumen for passive or active post-procedural drainage of the necrotic collection, respectively. After the completion of endoscopic treatment using percutaneous access, the esophageal stent is removed and the site is secured with an ostomy pouch to collect the residual contents of the necrotic cavity.
  • 444
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Animal Models and Helicobacter pylori Infection
Helicobacter pylori colonize the gastric mucosa of at least half of the world’s population. Persistent infection is associated with the development of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and an increased risk of gastric cancer and gastric-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. 
  • 536
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer is rapidly increasing across the world. It is the sixth most common cause of death from cancer and is the eighth most common cancer worldwide. Esophageal cancer is a devastating malignancy which can be detected at an early stage but is more often diagnosed as an advanced process. It affects both men and women and inflicts the young and the elderly. There are multiple underlying factors involved in the pathogenesis of this cancer including inflammation.
  • 666
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global pandemic that affects one-quarter of the world’s population. NAFLD includes a spectrum of progressive liver disease from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis and can be complicated by hepatocellular carcinoma. It is strongly associated with metabolic syndromes, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, and it has been shown that metabolic dysregulation is central to its pathogenesis. It has been suggested that metabolic- (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a more appropriate term to describe the disease than NAFLD, which puts increased emphasis on the important role of metabolic dysfunction in its pathogenesis. There is strong evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant role in the development and progression of NAFLD. Impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and, a reduction in mitochondrial quality, have been suggested to play a major role in NAFLD development and progression. 
  • 740
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer
Locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC) has a poor prognosis with surgical resection alone, and neoadjuvant treatment has been recommended to improve surgical and oncological outcomes. Although neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been established to be effective for LAGC, the role of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) remains under investigation. Clinical experience and research evidence on esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma (e.g., cardia gastric cancers) indicate that the likelihood of achieving sustainable local control is higher through NCRT than through resection alone. Furthermore, NCRT also has an acceptable treatment-related toxicity and adverse event profile. In particular, it increases the likelihood of achieving an R0 resection and a pathological complete response (pCR). Moreover, NCRT results in higher overall and recurrence-free survival rates than surgery alone; however, evidence on the survival benefits of NCRT versus neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) remains conflicting. For noncardia gastric cancer, the efficacy of NCRT has mostly been reported in retrospective studies, and several large clinical trials are ongoing. Consequently, NCRT might play a more essential role in unresectable LAGC, for which NCT alone may not be adequate to attain disease control.
  • 373
  • 07 Jul 2022
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