Summary

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, and the disease now affects nearly every country and region. Caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 continues nearly 18 months later to present significant challenges to health systems and public health in both hemispheres, as well as the economies of every country. The morbidity and mortality of the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been significant, and various waves of disease outbreaks initially overwhelmed many hospitals and clinics and continue to do so in many countries. This influences everyone, and public health countermeasures have been dramatic in terms of their impact on employment, social systems, and mental health. This entry collection aims to gather diverse fields about COVID-19, including in epidemiology, public health, medicine, genetics, systems biology, informatics, data science, engineering, sociology, anthropology, nursing, environmental studies, statistics, and psychology.

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Topic Review
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis [family Lamiaceae]), an herb of economic and gustatory repute, is employed in traditional medicines in many countries. Rosemary contains carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CS), abietane-type phenolic diterpenes, which account for most of its biological and pharmacological actions, although claims have also been made for contributions of another constituent, rosmarinic acid. 
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Fake News and Potentially Manipulative Content
At the core of numerous definitions of fake news lies a statement that it contains information that does not correlate with facts and that it is directed towards disinforming the public in a conscious manner, which implies that the major features of fake news are untruthfulness/incorrectness and intended deception. For this reason, Jaster and Lanuis attribute the lack of truth and lack of truthfulness to the notion of fake news and, using this as a starting point, they claim that fake news is “wrong or deceptive (lack of truth) and that it is released with the intention of deceiving or, eventually, discrediting or neglecting the truth (lack of truthfulness)”. In her efforts to draw a line between fake news and the contents similar to it, Milica Kulić defines the former as “incorrect information containing unprovable, mostly completely fabricated data or claims, as well as quotations, released with a view to deceiving audiences”.
  • 6.4K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients
Smell and taste dysfunction are frequently reported by SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. The degree of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction varies from a very mild reduction to their complete loss.
  • 936
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in COVID-19 Infected Pregnant Women
Several adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects were significantly higher in COVID-19 infected pregnant women than non-infected. These included maternal death, preeclampsia, cesarean section delivery, fetal distress, preterm birth, low birth weight, stillbirth, low Apgar score at the fifth minute, and admission to NICU. The comorbidity conditions had no added risk of being infected with COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. Therefore, a COVID-19 infected pregnant woman should be treated with special precautions to avoid and minimize the identified adverse events during perinatal care. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Inflammatory Markers Prediction in COVID-19 Mortality
COVID-19 is an inflammatory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and can manifest as various symptoms ranging from mild symptoms or asymptomatic cases to severe pneumonia that can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death.  Assessing the utility of various inflammatory markers in predicting mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
  • 787
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Intrinsic Kidney Pathology Following COVID-19 Infection in Children
COVID-19 infections resulting in pathological kidney manifestations have frequently been reported in adults since the onset of the global COVID-19 pandemic in December 2019. Gradually, there have been an increased number of COVID-19-associated intrinsic kidney pathologies in children and adolescents reported as well. The pathophysiological mechanisms between COVID-19 and the onset of kidney pathology are not fully known in children; it remains a challenge to distinguish between intrinsic kidney pathologies that were caused directly by COVID-19 viral invasion, and cases which occurred as a result of multisystem inflammatory syndrome due to the infection. 
  • 904
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Mutational Pattern in Greece
From the 2500 clinical specimens, 220 were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 indicating a prevalence of 8.8% among suspected cases. The RT-PCR Ct (Cycle threshold) Value ranged from 19 to 25 which corresponds to medium to high copy numbers of the virus in the positive samples.
  • 841
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Designing Post COVID-19 Buildings
The COVID-19 pandemic forced the accessibility, social gathering, lifestyle, and working environment to be changed to reduce the infection. The current state-of-the-art engineering control preventive measures presented include ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), bipolar ionization, vertical gardening, and indoor plants. They have potential to improve the indoor air quality.
  • 927
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Syndecan-4
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants pose threats to vaccination campaigns against COVID-19. Being more transmissible than the original virus, the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 lineage, named the Delta variant, swept through the world in 2021. The mutations in the Delta’s spike protein shift the protein towards a net positive electrostatic potential. Compared to the wild-type spike, the Delta one shows a higher affinity towards heparan sulfate proteoglycans than ACE2. Cellular studies showed that syndecan-4, the syndecan isoform abundant in the lung, enhances the transmission of the Delta variant by attaching its mutated spike glycoprotein and facilitating its cellular entry. In addition to the attachment to the polyanionic heparan sulfate chains, the Delta spike’s molecular interactions with syndecan-4 also involve syndecan-4’s cell-binding domain that mediates cell-to-cell adhesion. Exogenously added heparin or syndecan-4 knockdown efficiently blocks the Delta variant’s cellular entry. A profound understanding of syndecan-4-mediated endocytosis enables the development of molecularly targeted yet simple strategies to reduce the Delta variant’s spread.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Protective Effect of Melatonin Administration against SARS-CoV-2 Infection
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for an increasing number of cases and deaths. Melatonin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and Mpro and MMP9 protein-inhibitory activity. Melatonin prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection, although much remains to be clarified, at high doses, it seems to have a coadjuvant therapeutic effect in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and melatonin is effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection. 
  • 990
  • 20 Jan 2022
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