Summary

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, and the disease now affects nearly every country and region. Caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 continues nearly 18 months later to present significant challenges to health systems and public health in both hemispheres, as well as the economies of every country. The morbidity and mortality of the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been significant, and various waves of disease outbreaks initially overwhelmed many hospitals and clinics and continue to do so in many countries. This influences everyone, and public health countermeasures have been dramatic in terms of their impact on employment, social systems, and mental health. This entry collection aims to gather diverse fields about COVID-19, including in epidemiology, public health, medicine, genetics, systems biology, informatics, data science, engineering, sociology, anthropology, nursing, environmental studies, statistics, and psychology.

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Entries
Topic Review
COVID-19 in the Brain and Nervous System
COVID-19 can spread throughout the central nervous system, impacting the brain and spinal cord, and neurological symptoms could explain this in people infected with long-term infection.
  • 542
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Celiac Disease in Children during COVID Pandemic
Celiac disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the small intestine following the ingestion of gluten and the related prolamins found in wheat, rye, oats, and barley. It has a prevalence in the general population worldwide of approximately 1%.
  • 616
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Factors Influencing Choices Intention of Online Learning COVID-19
Since the COVID-19 outbreak, online learning has become the norm. Primary school students require parental assistance and supervision due to their lack of digital media capabilities and safety concerns. Online learning experiences during the pandemic will affect future parents' choices of online learning, so it is necessary to further clarify the key factors influencing parents' perceptions and attitudes towards online learning during the pandemic. In the post-pandemic era, blended learning, which combines traditional school learning with online learning, is likely to become a common and acceptable way of learning, and parents may face multiple choices of their parents' way of learning.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Electronic Cigarette and COVID-19 Pandemic
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) continue to be considered an alternate model of curbing smoking addiction. The presence of various electronic vaping products used as solvent carriers, flavorings, addictive substances, and their byproducts may lead to vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). The continuing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has initiated a global health emergency with the ongoing crisis related to vaccination, therapy, and diagnosis. Patients with a history of using e-cigarettes could have overlapping clinical symptoms of COVID-19, thereby leading to incorrect or delayed diagnosis and consequently, wrong treatment regimen. The diagnosis of EVALI during the COVID-19 pandemic is a challenge for treatment in these patients, and it is important to bring awareness to young adults and adolescents against the adverse effect of e-cigarettes containing addictive substances during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • 457
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Pregnancy and Vaccination during COVID-19 Pandemic
Pregnancy, alone, being associated with a state of immune alterations, exposes the maternal immune system to many challenges. Pregnant women, being a highly vulnerable group, need to be administered vaccines as early as possible; however, there is a lot of vaccine hesitancy among the population regarding immunization of pregnant women, who are avoided in the initial phases of most clinical trials. A look at available studies on the mechanisms of immune response in pregnant women and further, the reports of vaccine efficacy and outcomes among pregnant women against COVID-19 and EVD would definitely yield many insights that could be useful in the surveillance and planning of vaccination strategies for pregnant women against impending pathogenic RNA viruses.
  • 373
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Through the COVID-19 to Prospect Online School Learning
Online learning has been a trend in education globally since the 1980s. There are several similar concepts such as E-learning, online education, distance education, and digital learning. They refer to an educational model incorporating information and communication technologies (ICTs) into the classroom and students’ learning process. As higher education increasingly incorporates online learning, numerous studies have emerged on the online learning experiences of college students. There are several well-established types of online learning, such as the MOOC, and there are already examples of online learning replacing traditional classroom instruction in higher education and adult education. Many colleges are now providing online undergraduate and graduate degrees. Unlike the practice of online education in the higher education sector, online learning in the K-12 sector is more commonly used as a supplement to traditional school education. Online education courses and programs designed for high school students are mostly private, after-school, and voluntary. Also, most online courses for younger students require parental or adult teaching assistants to participate in supervision. Online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic had several characteristics. First, it was the first large-scale online learning of its kind to be conducted both nationally and globally; second, it was for regular school learning rather than remediation or additional learning after school; and third, it was required of all school teachers and students rather than optional. In this way, the large-scale school learning that was forced to move online during the pandemic gave people an unprecedented opportunity to explore how online learning was implemented.
  • 522
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Gender Impact during COVID-19 on University Teachers
University teachers have adapted to different situations during the development of distance learning due to the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus. 63% of the teachers working online complained that online teaching invaded their family privacy; 56% pointed out that working from home and the virtual classes affected their performance as teachers; 90% of the teachers thought that they dedicated too much extra to preparing for their classes; 15% were stressed; 4% felt negative under the new teaching scheme of virtual classes; finally, 38% of the teachers stated that repeated interaction with electronic devices had a lot of negative impacts on their emotional wellbeing. 
  • 449
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Transforming Residential Interiors into Workspaces during COVID-19 Pandemic
Residential interiors (RIs) have been designed by anonymous designers throughout history and have reflected their users’ identity, culture, and habits until modern times, although design and architecture courses rarely involve residential interiors in their curriculums. Therefore, decision-makers (architects, interior architects, designers, and users) took them for granted. However, COVID-19 forced revisiting this approach towards RIs and they faced a gap in the literature helping them to design these interiors, especially workspaces, in order to improve their users’ experience. 
  • 837
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
The Relationship between COVID-19 and Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly heterogeneous disease regarding severity, vulnerability to infection due to comorbidities, and treatment approaches. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis has been identified as one of the most critical endocrine targets of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that might significantly impact outcomes after infection.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Online Grocery Shopping Experience during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Online shopping has intensified in the last decade. The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed circulation limitations and more restrictive behaviors on consumers due to fears of contracting the virus, boosting online grocery shopping. Online grocery shopping is a form of online shopping for food and other household items processed through e-commerce websites or mobile apps. The studies on online grocery shopping started in the 1990s with the rise of the high-tech generation, who began shopping online for convenience as it simplified their lives. At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, consumers focused on panic buying as they were afraid of future shortages. On the other hand, consumers also wanted to decrease the number of times they went shopping to reduce the risk of catching the virus. To avoid getting infected with the virus when physically going to the shops, some people started shopping for food online.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Jul 2022
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