Summary

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, and the disease now affects nearly every country and region. Caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 continues nearly 18 months later to present significant challenges to health systems and public health in both hemispheres, as well as the economies of every country. The morbidity and mortality of the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been significant, and various waves of disease outbreaks initially overwhelmed many hospitals and clinics and continue to do so in many countries. This influences everyone, and public health countermeasures have been dramatic in terms of their impact on employment, social systems, and mental health. This entry collection aims to gather diverse fields about COVID-19, including in epidemiology, public health, medicine, genetics, systems biology, informatics, data science, engineering, sociology, anthropology, nursing, environmental studies, statistics, and psychology.

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Entries
Topic Review
COVID-19 Variants
This literature review aims to analyze all the vaccine candidates that went to phase II and above with the rationale behind the completion of some vaccines to phase III and why others failed to continue to phase III. Moreover, this paper will provide comprehensive information about COVID-19 infection, its symptoms, the structure of the virus, the variants that we have become aware off and how they differ. Furthermore, it will inform the literature about vaccines that developed for COVID-19 infection, vaccine vehicles and trials on vaccines. This paper shall open doors for further research and better understanding for reasons that hinder vaccines from reaching the market, which is important to be taken into consideration when developing new vaccines for viruses in the future.
  • 432
  • 01 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Autoimmune Gut Diseases and COVID-19 Vaccines
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic raised many challenges for all patients with chronic conditions and those with autoimmune diseases, both adults and children. Autoimmune diseases are characterized by hyperreactivity of the immune system and loss of immune tolerance, which damage and destroy healthy tissues, cells, and organs.
  • 513
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nanostructured Materials for COVID-19 Prevention
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has raised great concerns about human health globally. Prevention and vaccination are still the most efficient ways to slow down the pandemic and to treat SARS-CoV-2 in various aspects.
  • 392
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Neuropsychiatric Complications of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Beginning with the various strategies of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to invade the bodies and manifest infection, and ending with the long COVID, people are witnessing the evolving course of the disease in addition to the pandemic. Given the partially controlled course of the COVID-19 pandemic, the greatest challenge lies in managing the short- and long-term complications of COVID-19.
  • 378
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Long COVID-19
“Long COVID-19” refers to the existence of symptoms weeks or months after contracting the SARS-CoV-2 infection, regardless of the viral state. The long COVID-19 or post COVID-19 condition is defined as the illness that arises in patients who have a history of suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, usually within three months of the commencement of COVID-19, with symptoms and consequences lasting at least two months.
  • 396
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Digital Technology Adopted by Airlines during COVID-19 Pandemic
Airlines’ major adoption of digital technology during the COVID-19 crisis may have changed how customers experience the services and may affect passengers’ perceptions compared to the past. The pandemic has forced the airline industry to change and adopt new business strategies. Apart from ensuring business continuity, passengers also have higher expectations. Maintaining the same level of service standards as in the pre-pandemic era may be insufficient to retain passengers’ satisfaction with the airlines. Passengers are now more stringent with health and hygiene. New digital technology can assist the airline industry in overcoming the challenges posed by the crisis. During the pandemic period, many airlines have strengthened their digital technology capability, significantly accelerating transformation and innovation to digitalization.
  • 2.2K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Diseases in Lipid Metabolism Pregnancy Women
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Elderly people, people with immunodeficiency, autoimmune and malignant diseases, as well as people with chronic diseases have a higher risk of developing more severe forms of the disease. Pregnant women and children can becomesick, although more often they are only the carriers of the virus. Studies have indicated that infants can also be infected by SARS-CoV-2 and develop a severe form of the disease with a fatal outcome. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) ina pregnant woman can affect the supply of oxygen to the fetus and initiate the mechanism of metabolic disorders of the fetus and newborn caused by asphyxia. The initial metabolic response of the newborn to the lack of oxygen in the tissues is the activation of anaerobic glycolysis in the tissues and an increase in the concentration of lactate and ketones. Lipid peroxidation, especially in nerve cells, is catalyzed by iron released from hemoglobin, transferrin and ferritin, whose release is induced by tissue acidosis and free oxygen radicals. Ferroptosis-inducing factors can directly or indirectly affect glutathione peroxidase through various pathways, resulting in a decrease in the antioxidant capacity and accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells, ultimately leading to oxidative cell stress, and finally, death.
  • 397
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 in Seminal Fluid
Major concerns about the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on male fertility have increased, and one of the important questions is the present probability of COVID-19 in the seminal fluid of infected individuals. For the detection of virus co-expression, both angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2 were required in the testis of COVID-19 individuals, raising concerns regarding the virus entrance from the blood–testis barrier and the presence of COVID-19 in testis tissue and seminal fluid.
  • 454
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Adenoviral Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia
Adenoviral-based vaccines such as ChadoX1 CoV-19 (AstraZeneca) and Ad26.COV2.S (J&J) were developed to prevent infection and reduce hospitalization or death in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. These vaccines passed safety and efficacy trials with excellent neutralizing capabilities against SARS-CoV-2, very rare reports of acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic events following administration emerged in certain populations, which triggered a series of clinical investigations that gave rise to a novel phenomenon called vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT).
  • 548
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pilot Findings on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Induced Pituitary Diseases
Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic at the end of 2019, a massive vaccination campaign has been undertaken rapidly and worldwide. Like other vaccines, the COVID-19 vaccine is not devoid of side effects. Typically, the adverse side effects of vaccination include transient headache, fever, and myalgia. Endocrine organs are also affected by adverse effects. The major SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-associated endocrinopathies reported since the beginning of the vaccination campaign are thyroid and pancreas disorders. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced pituitary diseases have become more frequently described in the literature. 
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Dec 2022
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