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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
A Review of Event-Based Conceptual Rainfall-Runoff Models: A Case for Australia
Event-based models focus on modelling of peak runoff from rainfall data. Conceptual models indicate simplified models that provide reasonably accurate answers despite their crude nature. Rainfall-runoff models are used to transform a rainfall event into a runoff event. This paper focuses on reviewing computational simulation of rainfall-runoff processes over a catchment. Lumped conceptual, event-based rainfall-runoff models have remained the dominant practice for design flood estimation in Australia for many years due to their simplicity, flexibility, and accuracy under certain conditions. Attempts to establish regionalization methods for prediction of design flood hydrographs in ungauged catchments have seen little success. Therefore, as well as reviewing key rainfall-runoff model components for design flood estimation with a special focus on event-based conceptual models, this paper covers the aspects of regionalization to promote their applications to ungauged catchments.
  • 779
  • 13 Jun 2024
Topic Review
A Review of Geometry, Construction and Modelling for Carbon Nanotori
After the discovery of circular formations of single walled carbon nanotubes called fullerene crop circles, their structure has become one of the most researched amongst carbon nanostructures due to their particular interesting physical properties. Several experiments and simulations have been conducted to understand these intriguing objects, including their formation and their hidden characteristics. It is scientifically conceivable that these crop circles, nowadays referred to as carbon nanotori, can be formed by experimentally bending carbon nanotubes into ring shaped structures or by connecting several sections of carbon nanotubes. Toroidal carbon nanotubes are likely to have many applications, especially in electricity and magnetism. In this review, geometry, construction, modelling and possible applications are discussed and the existing known analytical expressions, as obtained from the Lennard-Jones potential and the continuum approximation, for their interaction energies with other nanostructures are summarised.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
A Review of Lunar Communications and Antennas
Over the previous two decades, a notable array of space exploration missions have been initiated with the primary aim of facilitating the return of both humans and robots from Earth to the moon. The significance of these endeavors cannot be emphasized enough as numerous entities, both public and private, from across the globe have invested substantial resources into this pursuit. Researchers have committed their efforts to addressing the challenges linked to lunar communication. Even with all of these efforts, only a few of the many suggested designs for communication and antennas on the moon have been evaluated and compared. These designs have also not beenshared with the scientific community. To bridge this gap in the existing body of knowledge, this paper conducts a thorough review of lunar surface communication and the diverse antenna designs employed in lunar communication systems. This paper provides a summary of the findings presented in lunar surface communication research while also outlining the assorted challenges that impact lunar communication. Apart from various antenna designs reported in this field, based on their intended usage, two additional classifications are introduced: (a) mission-based antennas—utilized in actual lunar missions—and (b) research-based antennas—employed solely for research purposes. Given the critical need to comprehend and predict lunar conditions and antenna behaviors within those conditions, this review holds immense significance. Its relevance is particularly pronounced in light of the numerous upcoming lunar missions that have been announced.
  • 283
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
A Review of SATis5: Perspectives on Commercial and Defense 5G SATCOM Integration
This review provides a comprehensive review of past and existing works on 5G systems with a laser focus on 5G Satellite Integration (SATis5) for commercial and defense applications. The holistic survey approach is used to gain an in-depth understanding of 5G-Terrestrial Network (5G-TN), 5G-Non-Terrestrial Network (5G-NTN), SATis5 testbeds, and projects along with related SATis5 architectures. Based on the survey results, the review provides (i) outlook perspectives on potential SATis5 architectures for current and future integrated defense and commercial satellite communication (SATCOM) with 5G systems, and (ii) a thorough understanding of problems associated with anticipated outlooks and corresponding studies addressing these problems. The commercial SATis5 architectures discussed here can be extended to civilian SATCOM applications.
  • 459
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
A Robust Vehicle Detection Model for LiDAR Sensor
Vehicle detection in parking areas provides the spatial and temporal utilisation of parking spaces. Parking observations are typically performed manually, limiting the temporal resolution due to the high labour cost. 
  • 451
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
A Rule-Based Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion System
Natural language processing often requires grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) conversion of an orthographic text. G2P converts strings of graphemes to corresponding sequences of phonetic transcription characters, directly from orthographic representations and it is crucial for many applications in various areas of speech and language processing.
  • 938
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
A Safe Infrastructure for Micromobility
Major cities in Europe have seen a significant increase in micromobility infrastructure, including cycling infrastructure, with 42 European Metropolitan cities implementing 1421.54 km of cycling infrastructure in a year. However, the design principles for bikeways primarily rely on conventional road design for bicycles and lack consistency in accommodating emerging powered micromobility devices like e-scooters.
  • 446
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
A Scalogram-Based CNN Approach for Audio Classification
The automatic monitoring of activities in construction sites through the proper use of acoustic signals is a recent field of research that is currently in continuous evolution. In particular, the use of techniques based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) working on the spectrogram of the signal or its mel-scale variants was demonstrated to be quite successful. However, the spectrogram has some limitations, which are due to the intrinsic trade-off between temporal and spectral resolutions. In order to overcome these limitations, CNNs can employ the scalogram representation, as a proper time–frequency representation of the audio signal.
  • 433
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
A Simple ANN for Sleep-Waking Recognition
Artificial neural network (ANNs) is a machine learning approach that has rapidly gained popularity due to its ability to quickly and effectively solve complex problems. Sleep monitoring is often required for patients who are suffering from diseases or who are undergoing treatment. Recently, in a paper described a new method for the automatic recognition of behavioral sleep and waking states in freely moving rats. This is a simple ANN, in which the mean values and standard deviations of electrocorticograms. ANN was trained to recognize sleep and waking states with the accuracy of 80%. 
  • 424
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
A Simpler Look at Mobile App Development's Future
The world of mobile applications is on the cusp of a transformative era. The arrival of 5G technology, with its mind-blowing speeds and ultra-low latency, promises to revolutionize the way we interact with our devices and experience the digital world.
  • 270
  • 29 May 2024
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