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Topic Review
Interferon-Stimulated Genes as Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors
Influenza virus exploits host factors to promote each step of its lifecycle. In turn, the host deploys antiviral or restriction factors that inhibit or restrict the influenza virus lifecycle at each of those steps. Two broad categories of host restriction factors can exist in virus-infected cells: (1) encoded by the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and (2) encoded by the constitutively expressed genes that are not stimulated by interferons (non-ISGs). There are hundreds of ISGs known, and many, e.g., Mx, IFITMs, and TRIMs, have been characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different stages of its lifecycle, by (1) blocking viral entry or progeny release, (2) sequestering or degrading viral components and interfering with viral synthesis and assembly, or (3) bolstering host innate defenses. 
  • 90
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Phase Equilibrium Studies of Nonferrous Smelting Slags
Pyrometallurgy is the primary technique for the production of many nonferrous metals such as copper, lead, and zinc. The phase equilibrium information of smelting slags plays an important role in the efficient extraction of metals and energy consumption. The experimental technologies used in phase equilibrium studies are compared. The presentation and applications of the pseudo-ternary and pseudo-binary phase diagrams are demonstrated in the Fe–Si–Ca–Zn–Mg–Al–Cu–S–O system. 
  • 201
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Algorithms for Liver Segmentation in Computed Tomography Scans
Oncology has emerged as a crucial field of study in the domain of medicine. Computed tomography has gained widespread adoption as a radiological modality for the identification and characterisation of pathologies, particularly in oncology, enabling precise identification of affected organs and tissues. However, achieving accurate liver segmentation in computed tomography scans remains a challenge due to the presence of artefacts and the varying densities of soft tissues and adjacent organs.
  • 174
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Grandidier's Mongoose
Grandidier's mongoose (Galidictis grandidieri) (Figure 1) is a rare and elusive carnivore native to Madagascar. Named after the French naturalist Alfred Grandidier, this mongoose species is distinguished by its slender body, short legs, and long, bushy tail. Endemic to Madagascar's dry deciduous forests, Grandidier's mongoose is known for its solitary and nocturnal habits, making it a challenging species to study in its natural habitat.
  • 294
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Pictor
Pictor, a relatively faint constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere, is named after the easel used by artists to hold their canvases. It is located between the star Canopus and the Large Magellanic Cloud.
  • 238
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Harp Seal
The Harp Seal, also known by its scientific name Phoca groenlandica, is a marine mammal renowned for its striking appearance and unique life history. Recognized by the distinctive black harp-shaped markings on its coat, the Harp Seal inhabits the icy waters of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. This species undergoes remarkable migrations and breeding events, with large aggregations congregating on ice floes each spring to give birth and nurse their pups.
  • 333
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Gray Seal
The Gray Seal, scientifically known as Halichoerus grypus, is a marine mammal renowned for its distinctive appearance and widespread distribution across the North Atlantic Ocean. Characterized by its robust build, long whiskers, and mottled gray fur, the Gray Seal is a highly adaptable species found inhabiting coastal waters, rocky shores, and sandy beaches from Canada to Europe. As a top predator in marine ecosystems, the Gray Seal plays a crucial role in regulating prey populations and maintaining ecosystem balance.
  • 225
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Phoenix
Phoenix, a constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere, is named after the mythical bird that cyclically regenerates or is reborn from its own ashes. The constellations Phoenix, Grus, Pavo and Tucana, are known as the Southern Birds.
  • 244
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Kodkod
The Kodkod, scientifically known as Leopardus guigna, is a small wild cat species native to the temperate forests of South America. It is one of the smallest wild cats in the Americas, with adults typically weighing between 2 to 3 kilograms. Despite its diminutive size, the Kodkod is a skilled predator, preying on small mammals, birds, and insects, and plays a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem balance within its habitat.
  • 438
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Perseus
Perseus, a prominent constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere, is named after the legendary Greek hero known for slaying the monstrous Gorgon Medusa. Located near the celestial equator, Perseus is recognizable for its distinctive "W" shape formed by its brightest stars and is rich in fascinating deep-sky objects.
  • 484
  • 15 Mar 2024
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