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Topic Review
Advances in Electrochemical Glucose Sensing
The detection of glucose is crucial in the management of diabetes and other medical conditions but also crucial in a wide range of industries such as food and beverages. The development of glucose sensors in the past century has allowed diabetic patients to effectively manage their disease and has saved lives. First-generation glucose sensors have considerable limitations in sensitivity and selectivity which has spurred the development of more advanced approaches for both the medical and industrial sectors.
  • 2.4K
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
PIP2 Regulation in Cell
Phosphoinositides play a crucial role in regulating many cellular functions, such as actin dynamics, signaling, intracellular trafficking, membrane dynamics, and cell–matrix adhesion. Central to this process is phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2). The levels of PIP2 in the membrane are rapidly altered by the activity of phosphoinositide-directed kinases and phosphatases, and it binds to dozens of different intracellular proteins. Despite the vast literature dedicated to understanding the regulation of PIP2 in cells over past 30 years, much remains to be learned about its cellular functions. Here, we focus on past and recent exciting results on different molecular mechanisms that regulate cellular functions by binding of specific proteins to PIP2 or by stabilizing phosphoinositide pools in different cellular compartments. Moreover, this review summarizes recent findings that implicate dysregulation of PIP2 in many diseases.
  • 2.4K
  • 19 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Methicilin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus
Antibiotic resistance is a global health challenge nowadays, and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) is a skin infection presents as pimples, boils, abscesses, or infected cuts and is not resistant to certain antibiotics. MSSA affects people of all ages and is known to cause epidemics among sports teams, families, prison inmates, and people who live and work in close quarters and is a global health challenge nowadays, creating problems in antibiotic therapy.
  • 2.4K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Women in Taoism
The roles of women in Taoism (/ˈdaʊɪzəm/, /ˈtaʊ-/) (also spelled "Daoism" /ˈdaʊ-/) have differed from the traditional patriarchy over women in ancient and imperial China. Chinese women had special importance in some Taoist schools that recognized their transcendental abilities to communicate with deities, who frequently granted women with revealed texts and scriptures. Women first came to prominence in the Highest Clarity School, which was founded in the 4th century by a woman, Wei Huacun. The Tang dynasty (618-907) was a highpoint for the importance of Daoist women, when one-third of the Shangqing clergy were women, including many aristocratic Daoist nuns. The number of Daoist women decreased until the 12th century when the Complete Perfection School, which ordained Sun Bu'er as the only woman among its original disciples, put women in positions of power. In the 18th and 19th centuries, women Daoists practiced and discussed nüdan (女丹, "women's neidan inner alchemy"), involving gender-specific practices of breath meditation and visualization. Furthermore, Daoist divinities and cults have long traditions in China, for example, the Queen Mother of the West, the patron of xian immortality, He Xiangu, one of the Eight Immortals, and Mazu, the protectress of sailors and fishermen.
  • 2.4K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Areal Density (Computer Storage)
Areal density is a measure of the quantity of information bits that can be stored on a given length of track, area of surface, or in a given volume of a computer storage medium. Generally, higher density is more desirable, for it allows more data to be stored in the same physical space. Density therefore has a direct relationship to storage capacity of a given medium. Density also generally affects the performance within a particular medium, as well as price.
  • 2.4K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Power Architecture
Power Architecture is a registered trademark for similar reduced instruction set computing (RISC) instruction sets for microprocessors developed and manufactured by such companies as IBM, Freescale/NXP, AppliedMicro, LSI, Teledyne e2v and Synopsys. The governing body is Power.org, comprising over 40 companies and organizations. "Power Architecture" is a broad term including all products based on newer POWER, PowerPC and Cell processors. The term "Power Architecture" should not be confused with IBM's different generations of "POWER Instruction Set Architecture", an earlier instruction set for IBM RISC processors of the 1990s from which the PowerPC instruction set was derived. Power Architecture is a family name describing processor architecture, software, toolchain, community and end-user appliances and not a strict term describing specific products or technologies. More details and documentation on the Power Architecture can be found on the IBM Portal for OpenPOWER.
  • 2.4K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Layered Double Hydroxides
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are anionic clays which have found applications in a wide range of fields, including medicine (especially in drug delivery and release), environment (to remediate pollution), biotechnology, as precursors for catalysts, and in electrochemical applications (electrocatalysts, sensors, oxygen evolution reaction (OER), energy storage, fuel cells, etc.). To be used in electrochemistry  they should possess electrical conductivity which can be ensured by the presence of metals able to give reversible redox reactions in a proper potential window. The metal centers can act as redox mediators to catalyze reactions for which the required overpotential is too high, and this is a key aspect for the development of processes and devices where the control of charge transfer reactions plays an important role.
  • 2.4K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
LAV (Armoured Vehicle)
The Light Armoured Vehicle (LAV) is a series of armoured vehicles built by General Dynamics Land Systems – Canada (GDLS-C), a London, Ontario-based subsidiary of General Dynamics. It is a license-produced version of the Mowag Piranha. The LAV family came about from the Armoured Vehicle General Purpose (AVGP) requirement of the Canadian Army. The first generation of LAV was created by Mowag for the Armoured Vehicle General Purpose (AVGP) requirement of the Canadian Army. This was a 6x6 variant of the Piranha I produced by General Motors Diesel in London, Ontario. Since entering service in 1976, it has undergone a number of upgrades. The LAV II introduced the now-familiar 8x8 configuration. The LAV continues to form the backbone of the Canadian Army's combat vehicle fleet. The LAV series of vehicles exist in a number of different variants and are used in a number of different roles such as armoured personnel carriers, engineering vehicles, command posts, ambulances and armoured recovery vehicles.
  • 2.4K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lignin Biopolymer in Biomaterials Synthesis
Lignin is one of the wood and plant cell wall components that is available in large quantities in nature. Its polyphenolic chemical structure has been of interest for valorization and industrial application studies. Lignin can be obtained from wood by various delignification chemical processes, which give it a structure and specific properties that will depend on the plant species. Due to the versatility and chemical diversity of lignin, the chemical industry has focused on its use as a viable alternative of renewable raw material for the synthesis of new and sustainable biomaterials. 
  • 2.4K
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Agency
Agency is the capacity of an actor to act in a given environment. It is independent of the moral dimension, which is called moral agency. In sociology, an agent is an individual engaging with the social structure. Notably, though, the primacy of social structure vs. individual capacity with regard to persons' actions is debated within sociology. This debate concerns, at least partly, the level of reflexivity an agent may possess. Agency may either be classified as unconscious, involuntary behavior, or purposeful, goal directed activity (intentional action). An agent typically has some sort of immediate awareness of their physical activity and the goals that the activity is aimed at realizing. In ‘goal directed action’ an agent implements a kind of direct control or guidance over their own behavior.
  • 2.4K
  • 08 Oct 2022
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