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Topic Review
ACID (Computer Science)
In computer science, ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) is a set of properties of database transactions intended to guarantee validity even in the event of errors, power failures, etc. In the context of databases, a sequence of database operations that satisfies the ACID properties (and these can be perceived as a single logical operation on the data) is called a transaction. For example, a transfer of funds from one bank account to another, even involving multiple changes such as debiting one account and crediting another, is a single transaction. In 1983, Andreas Reuter and Theo Härder coined the acronym ACID as shorthand for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability, building on earlier work by Jim Gray who enumerated Atomicity, Consistency, and Durability but left out Isolation when characterizing the transaction concept. These four properties describe the major guarantees of the transaction paradigm, which has influenced many aspects of development in database systems. According to Gray and Reuter, IMS supported ACID transactions as early as 1973 (although the term ACID came later).
  • 962
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Acronis True Image
Acronis True Image is a software product produced by Acronis that provides data protection for personal users including, backup, archive, access and recovery for Windows, macOS, iOS, and Android operating systems. As disk imaging software, True Image can restore the previously captured image to another disk, replicating the structure and contents to the new disk, also allowing disk cloning and partition resizing, even if the new disk is of a different capacity. The backups are in a proprietary format which saves using a .tib filename format. Acronis was launched in 2003 and in December 2014 claimed to have over 5 million consumer and 500,000 businesses users.
  • 2.6K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
ACT-R
ACT-R (pronounced /ˌækt ˈɑr/; short for "Adaptive Control of Thought—Rational") is a cognitive architecture mainly developed by John Robert Anderson and Christian Lebiere at Carnegie Mellon University. Like any cognitive architecture, ACT-R aims to define the basic and irreducible cognitive and perceptual operations that enable the human mind. In theory, each task that humans can perform should consist of a series of these discrete operations. Most of the ACT-R's basic assumptions are also inspired by the progress of cognitive neuroscience, and ACT-R can be seen and described as a way of specifying how the brain itself is organized in a way that enables individual processing modules to produce cognition.
  • 356
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Action Recognition for Human–Robot Teaming
Human–robot teaming (HrT) is being adopted in an increasing range of industries and work environments. Effective HrT relies on the success of complex and dynamic human–robot interaction. Although it may be optimal for robots to possess all the social and emotional skills to function as productive team members, certain cognitive capabilities can enable them to develop attitude-based competencies for optimizing teams. Despite the extensive research into the human–human team structure, the domain of HrT research remains relatively limited. In this sense, incorporating established human–human teaming (HhT) elements may prove practical.
  • 125
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Activation-Based Pruning of Neural Networks
A novel technique is presented for pruning called activation-based pruning to effectively prune fully connected feedforward neural networks for multi-object classification. The technique is based on the number of times each neuron is activated during model training. Further analysis demonstrated that activation-based pruning can be considered a dimensionality reduction technique, as it leads to a sparse low-rank matrix approximation for each hidden layer of the neural network. The rank-reduced neural network generated using activation-based pruning has better accuracy than a rank-reduced network using principal component analysis. After each successive pruning, the amount of reduction in the magnitude of singular values of each matrix representing the hidden layers of the network is equivalent to introducing the sum of singular values of the hidden layers as a regularization parameter to the objective function.
  • 246
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Active and Assisted Living
Over the last decade, there has been considerable and increasing interest in the development of Active and Assisted Living (AAL) systems to support independent living. The demographic change towards an aging population has introduced new challenges to today’s society from both an economic and societal standpoint. AAL can provide an array of solutions for improving the quality of life of individuals, for allowing people to live healthier and independently for longer, for helping people with disabilities, and for supporting caregivers and medical staff. 
  • 2.0K
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Active File Mode Transition Mechanism in File Synchronization
A cloud file synchronization service keeps the contents of files on a local device and in remote cloud storage the same. With a file synchronization service, users can always keep their files on multiple devices up to date through cloud storage, and they can also use a backup function. As file synchronization services become more common, the capacity of local storage and remote cloud storage increases, and the capacity of the two storages become different.
  • 298
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Active SLAM
Here presents a comprehensive review of Active Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (A-SLAM) research conducted over the past. It explores the formulation, applications, and methodologies employed in A-SLAM, particularly in trajectory generation and control action selection, drawing on concepts from Information Theory (IT) and the Theory of Optimal Experimental Design (TOED). The entry includes both qualitative and quantitative analyses of various approaches, deployment scenarios, configurations, path planning methods, and utility functions within A-SLAM research.
  • 307
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Acute and Obtuse Triangles
An acute triangle (or acute-angled triangle) is a triangle with three acute angles (less than 90°). An obtuse triangle (or obtuse-angled triangle) is a triangle with one obtuse angle (greater than 90°) and two acute angles. Since a triangle's angles must sum to 180° in Euclidean geometry, no Euclidean triangle can have more than one obtuse angle. Acute and obtuse triangles are the two different types of oblique triangles — triangles that are not right triangles because they have no 90° angle.
  • 733
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ada Semantic Interface Specification
The Ada Semantic Interface Specification (ASIS) is a layered, open architecture providing vendor-independent access to the Ada Library Environment. It allows for the static analysis of Ada programs and libraries. It is an open, published interface library that consists of the Ada environment and their tools and applications. As explained by the ASIS Working Group: “ASIS is an interface between an Ada environment as defined by ISO/IEC 8652:1995 (the Ada Reference Manual) and any tool requiring information from this environment” (SIGAda, 2020) It is exclusively used for programming language applications and static analysis on Ada programs, therefore giving the relevant information and access to Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) and applicable developers. ASIS also has the ability in utilizing the relevant software engineering tools whilst also embodying an easy understanding of the complexities of an Ada environment display. In addition, it provides procedures, functions and relevant information that can be significantly used to access exclusive information found in reference manuals and the Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). Which in return will advance ASIS to the capability of being portable to transport and retain information and terminology of Ada tools. “ASIS consists of 21 packages, 2 are optional and within these packages define 349 queries”. ASIS will also consist of a package which within it includes child packages that include “Errors Compilation units, Ada environments, implementation, exceptions, elements, iterator, declarations, expressions, clauses, definitions, statements, text and Ids”. Overall ASIS is simply a straightforward way to collect data from an ADA program and increases any of the Ada tools portability.
  • 375
  • 28 Oct 2022
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