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Topic Review
Expressive Qualifiers, Feature Learning and Expressive Movement Generation
Expressive body movements are defined by low- and high-level descriptors. Low-level descriptors focus on kinematics or dynamic quantities such as velocity and acceleration, whereas high-level descriptors use low-level features to describe their perceptual or semantic evaluation optimally. Notable high-level systems include Pelachaud’s qualifiers, Wallbot’s descriptors, and the Laban Movement Analysis (LMA) system, which is commonly used for dance performance evaluation.
  • 152
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Oblique Aerial Images: Geometric Principles, Relationships and Definitions
Aerial images captured with the camera optical axis deliberately inclined with respect to the vertical are defined as oblique aerial images. Throughout the evolution of aerial photography, oblique aerial images have held a prominent place since its inception. While vertical airborne images dominated in photogrammetric applications for over a century, the advancements in photogrammetry and computer vision algorithms, coupled with the growing accessibility of oblique images in the market, have propelled the rise of oblique images in recent times. Their emergence is attributed to inherent advantages they offer over vertical images. In this entry, basic definitions, geometric principles and relationships for oblique aerial images, necessary for understanding their underlying geometry, are presented.
  • 642
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
N-G/ZIF-8-Based/Derived Materials as Battery Electrodes
As electrodes for batteries, N-G/MOF(ZIF-8) materials can mitigate issues like an electrode volume expansion for Li-ion batteries and the ‘shuttle effect’ for Li-S batteries. As electrodes for electrochemical capacitors, these materials can considerably improve the ion transfer rate and electronic conductivity, thereby enhancing the specific capacitance while maintaining the structural stability. Batteries are widely recognized as the most convenient electrochemical energy storage systems, and considerable efforts have been dedicated to their development and enhancement. Despite these endeavors, various challenges persist, including sluggish reaction rates, irreversible electrochemical reactions, the formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI), and electrode volume expansion. 
  • 116
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Methanol as a Marine Fuel
Methanol is efficient and cost-effective and excels over marine gasoil (MGO), especially in new ships. It is economically advantageous, with decreasing investment costs compared to liquefied natural gas (LNG), while providing flexibility without specialized pressure tanks. Global marine fuel trends prioritize fuel traits, accessibility, and environmental considerations, incorporating factors like policies, emissions, bunkering, and engine adaptability during transitions.
  • 488
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Building Management Systems and Operation
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have become a cornerstone in efficiently managing building energy management systems (BEMSs) as they offer advanced capabilities for prediction, control, and optimization. 
  • 134
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Low-Power Wide-Area Network and Long-Range Communication Technologies
Long-Range (LoRa) technology, renowned for its low-power, long-range capabilities in Internet of Things (IoT) applications, faces challenges in real-world scenarios, including fading channels, interference, and environmental obstacles.
  • 147
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Passenger Cars Driven on Hilly Roads in Austria
Previous studies of road or railway infrastructures have shown that traffic emissions outweigh the environmental impacts of the product stage and construction stage over the entire life cycle. Traffic usage is therefore the main emitter over the life cycle (A1–C4). Due to the small number of sustainability assessment systems, the question of how to consider traffic emissions in detail in an integral life cycle assessment has arisen.
  • 158
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Predictive Maintenance of Ball Bearing Systems
In the era of Industry 4.0 and beyond, ball bearings remain an important part of industrial systems. The failure of ball bearings can lead to plant downtime, inefficient operations, and significant maintenance expenses.
  • 189
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Hybrid Transformer for Automatic Drone Identification
With the growing integration of drones into various civilian applications, the demand for effective automatic drone identification (ADI) technology has become essential to monitor malicious drone flights and mitigate potential threats.
  • 161
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Concept of Sustainability in Civil Construction
The concept of sustainability appeared with the creation of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCCD) by the United Nations General Assembly in 1983.
  • 130
  • 01 Feb 2024
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