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Topic Review
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) Destruction Technologies
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a family of highly toxic emerging contaminants that have caught the attention of both the public and private sectors due to their adverse health impacts on society. The widely adopted separation technologies can remove PFASs from being in contact with humans; however, they remain in the environment and continue to pose health risks. On the other hand, the destructive technologies can effectively destroy PFAS compounds and fully address society’s urgent need to remediate this harmful family of chemical compounds. 
  • 872
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Complexity in Interim Payment of Construction Projects
An increasing trend in late payment and nonpayment of construction projects would hinder the sustainable development of projects by impeding progress or causing disputes.  
  • 871
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Soling
The Soling is an International open keelboat class designed by Jan Linge from Norway in 1965. In 1968, it was selected to be an Olympic class for the Games of the XX Olympiad in Kiel 1972 (GER). The Soling maintained this status until her final appearance at the 2000 Olympics. The Soling is a strong boat designed for any wind and sea condition. The boats are one-design originating from an authorized single plug and mould and made of glass reinforced polyester, making competition as equal as possible. The lifetime of a Soling is long. Those produced in the early days are still in competition (more than 50 years after being built). At the 2019 North American Championship the 5th place was taken by a German team (GER 1) sailing a refurbished Soling build in 1968. Characteristic for the Soling is the droop-hiking technique. Since 2008, the Soling is one of the Vintage Yachting Classes at the Vintage Yachting Games.
  • 871
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
AMD Radeon 400 Series
The Radeon 400 series is a series of graphics cards made by AMD. These cards were the first to feature the Polaris GPUs, using the new 14 nm FinFET manufacturing process. The Polaris family initially included two new chips in the Graphics Core Next (GCN) family (Polaris 10 and Polaris 11). Polaris implements the 4th generation of the Graphics Core Next instruction set, and shares commonalities with the previous GCN microarchitectures.
  • 871
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Phase Change Materials-Incorporated Glazing Units
The building envelope provides thermal comfort, an excellent visual view, and sunlight for the occupants. It consists of two parts: (i) opaque (non-transparent) part (e.g., walls and roofs) and (ii) transparent part (e.g., windows, curtain walls, and skylight devices). Recently, the use of fully-glazed facades, especially in large cities, has been increased due to their aesthetical and structural advantages. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) as latent energy storage material is the focus of this research, as well as other individual and combined techniques, including shading systems, solar cells (photovoltaic), and chromogenic (thermotropic and thermochromic) materials. PCM-integrated glazing systems have been extensively studied and rapidly developed over the past several decades from the standpoint of unique system designs, such as passive, active, and passive/active mixed designs, intelligent management, and sophisticated controls. In the academic literature, numerous studies on PCM-integrated building envelopes have been conducted, a comprehensive review of PCM-integrated GUs combined with other passive and active techniques using dialectical analysis and comparing the climatic conditions of each study using Köppen-Geiger climate classification climate classification has been performed only rarely. Consequently, the primary objective of this research is to reduce this discrepancy for all types of glazing, excluding glazed roofs.
  • 871
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Microwave Kinetic Induction Detectors
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) are superconducting low-temperature detectors for photons or particles. They are based on the change of resonant frequency of superconducting LC resonators by Cooper pair breaking and their unrivalled scalability makes them one of the most promising novel low temperature detector technologies. 
  • 871
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Hydrogen Embrittlement of Medium-Mn Steels
Recent research efforts to develop advanced–/ultrahigh–strength medium-Mn steels have led to the development of a variety of alloying concepts, thermo-mechanical processing routes, and microstructural variants for these steel grades. However, certain grades of advanced–/ultrahigh–strength steels (A/UHSS) are known to be highly susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement, due to their high strength levels. Hydrogen embrittlement characteristics of medium–Mn steels are less understood compared to other classes of A/UHSS, such as high Mn twinning–induced plasticity steel, because of the relatively short history of the development of this steel class and the complex nature of multiphase, fine-grained microstructures that are present in medium–Mn steels. The motivation of this paper is to review the current understanding of the hydrogen embrittlement characteristics of medium or intermediate Mn (4 to 15 wt pct) multiphase steels and to address various alloying and processing strategies that are available to enhance the hydrogen-resistance of these steel grades.
  • 870
  • 04 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Nanoporous Graphene Membranes for Organic Solvent Nanofiltration
The organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) technique has attracted significant attention in separation processes in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries because it can serve as an integrated system, has high energy efficiency at mild operating conditions. Nanoporous graphene has been used for OSN membrane fabrication and ultrafast solvent permeance with precise molecular separation has been demonstrated.
  • 870
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Bond standard test alternative procedures
Alternative procedure to the Bond standard test is based on determining the grindability of an unknown ore by comparing it to the grindability behaviour of a reference ore. It can be performed in any laboratory ball mill, but it requires a reference sample ore for which wi is known.
  • 870
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Macchi C.202
The Macchi C.202 Folgore (Italian "thunderbolt") was an Italian fighter aircraft developed and manufactured by Macchi Aeronautica. It was operated mainly by the Regia Aeronautica (RA; Royal (Italian) Air Force) in and around the Second World War. According to aviation author David Mondey, the Folgore has been considered to be one of the best wartime fighters to serve in large numbers with the Regia Aeronautica. The C.202 was designed by a team headed by the company's chief of design, Italian aeronautics engineer Mario Castoldi. As per company tradition, Macchi aircraft designed by Mario Castoldi received the "C" letter in their model designation, hence the Folgore is commonly referred to as the C.202 or MC.202. The C.202 was a development of the earlier C.200 Saetta, powered by an Italian-built version of the German Daimler-Benz DB 601Aa engine and featuring a redesigned fuselage for greater streamlining. During July 1941, the Folgore went into service with the Regia Aeronautica. In combat, it very quickly proved itself to be an effective and deadly dogfighter against its contemporaries. During its service life, the C.202 was deployed on all fronts in which Italy was involved. During late 1941, it commenced offensive operations over Malta and in North Africa, where Italian and German forces were engaged in heavy combat against British and later United States operations. The C.202 continued to be used in North Africa as late as mid-1943, by which point the type was withdrawn to support defensive efforts in Sicily and the Italian mainland following their invasion by Allied forces. It also saw limited use on the Eastern Front. Following the 1943 Armistice with Italy, the type was mostly used as a trainer aircraft. The type was also operated by Croatia. The Australian ace Clive Caldwell, who fought a wide variety of German, Italian and Japanese fighters during 1941–45, later stated that the C.202 was "one of the best and most undervalued of fighters". The C.202 also had its defects: like its predecessor, the C.200, it could enter a dangerous spin. The radios were unreliable, routinely forcing pilots to communicate by waggling their wings and Western historians regard the C.202 as insufficiently armed, being furnished with just a pair of machine guns that had a tendency for jamming. Still in mid-Summer 1942, in North Africa, the Folgore achieved a ratio kill/loss better than that of the Messerschmitt Bf 109s.
  • 869
  • 10 Nov 2022
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