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Topic Review
SA-15 (Ship)
SA-15 is the project name for a series of icebreaking multipurpose cargo ships built in Finland for the Soviet Union in the 1980s. The ships, capable of independent operation in all prevailing arctic ice conditions, were the first merchant vessels designed for year-round operations in the Northern Sea Route. For this purpose they have hulls that resemble those of polar icebreakers and propulsion systems capable of withstanding ice loads. While the ships are also known as the Norilsk class after the first ship, Norilsk, they are usually referred to by their project name which denotes a subarctic 15,000 DWT cargo ship. Nineteen SA-15 class ships were delivered by Finnish shipbuilders Wärtsilä and Valmet in 1982–1987, and (As of 2020) two vessels remain in service.
  • 781
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
IoT-aided Building Fire Evacuation
Internet of Things (IoT)-aided building fire evacuation is a new concept of the building evacuation mode, which improves the building evacuation process by making decisions of escape based on the real-time fire-ground information, such as the fire environment and occupant situations. 
  • 781
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Technology Transfer in the Industry 4.0 Era
Modern innovative models have the possibility of transferring research and development (R&D) output through technology transfer from scientific and research institutions or other enterprises. The complex process of technology transfer is significantly dependent on cooperation among academia, industry, and governments in response to the technological developments driven together through Industry 4.0 (I4.0). As a result, numerous technology transfer factors must be addressed for I4.0 to become a reality. However, the abundance of literature on I4.0 and associated technologies, the key ingredients, and insights for effectively executing I4.0 technology transfer are fairly limited.
  • 780
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Blockchain in Revolutionizing the Agricultural Sector
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)/blockchain is an intriguing new technology that has the potential to be a game-changer, and, in general, DLT are tamper-resistant and time-stamped databases. They allow several parties to capture, validate, and distribute data over a network in a decentralized, synchronized, and transparent manner, with minimal human participation and intermediate processes. The application of blockchain agriculture is still in the early stage, although there are ongoing research, projects, and initiatives to gain the most benefits of introducing blockchain-based technology in agriculture. These ongoing processes are centered around topics such as traceability, transparency, creditability, and auditability of agricultural data via blockchain based technology. Moreover, they are developing useful models or applications that can be used to improve the performance of the agriculture sector.
  • 780
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
High-Mix, Low-Volume Manufacturing Industry
The high-mix, low-volume (HMLV) industry has seen growth in the need for product customisation with research to increase manufacturers’ flexibility for the variation in market demands. Industries with HMLV insights are discussed, to reveal production sectors and research areas, categorising the research work, type of validation and their applications.
  • 780
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Smart City Infrastructure
Smart city infrastructure contains: Infrastructure development using smart systems; Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and its role in infrastructure construction, management, maintenance and operation; Sustainability in current smart infrastructure.
  • 780
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Life Support System
A life support system is the combination of equipment that allows survival in an environment or situation that would not support that life in its absence. It is generally applied to systems supporting human life in situations where the outside environment is hostile, like in space or underwater, or medical situations where the health of the person is compromised to the extent that the risk of death would be high without the function of the equipment. In human spaceflight, a life support system is a group of devices that allow a human being to survive in space. US government space agency NASA, and private spaceflight companies use the term environmental control and life support system or the acronym ECLSS when describing these systems. The life support system may supply air, water and food. It must also maintain the correct body temperature, an acceptable pressure on the body and deal with the body's waste products. Shielding against harmful external influences such as radiation and micro-meteorites may also be necessary. Components of the life support system are life-critical, and are designed and constructed using safety engineering techniques. In underwater diving, the breathing apparatus is considered to be life support equipment, and a saturation diving system is considered a life support system – the personnel who are responsible for operating it are called life support technicians. The concept can also be extended to submarines, crewed submersibles and atmospheric diving suits, where the breathing gas requires treatment to remain respirable, and the occupants are isolated from the outside ambient pressure and temperature. Medical life support systems include heart-lung machines, medical ventilators and dialysis equipment.
  • 780
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Astronomical Interferometer
An astronomical interferometer is an array of separate telescopes, mirror segments, or radio telescope antennas that work together as a single telescope to provide higher resolution images of astronomical objects such as stars, nebulas and galaxies by means of interferometry. The advantage of this technique is that it can theoretically produce images with the angular resolution of a huge telescope with an aperture equal to the separation between the component telescopes. The main drawback is that it does not collect as much light as the complete instrument's mirror. Thus it is mainly useful for fine resolution of more luminous astronomical objects, such as close binary stars. Another drawback is that the maximum angular size of a detectable emission source is limited by the minimum gap between detectors in the collector array. Interferometry is most widely used in radio astronomy, in which signals from separate radio telescopes are combined. A mathematical signal processing technique called aperture synthesis is used to combine the separate signals to create high-resolution images. In Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) radio telescopes separated by thousands of kilometers are combined to form a radio interferometer with a resolution which would be given by a hypothetical single dish with an aperture thousands of kilometers in diameter. At the shorter wavelengths used in infrared astronomy and optical astronomy it is more difficult to combine the light from separate telescopes, because the light must be kept coherent within a fraction of a wavelength over long optical paths, requiring very precise optics. Practical infrared and optical astronomical interferometers have only recently been developed, and are at the cutting edge of astronomical research. At optical wavelengths, aperture synthesis allows the atmospheric seeing resolution limit to be overcome, allowing the angular resolution to reach the diffraction limit of the optics. Astronomical interferometers can produce higher resolution astronomical images than any other type of telescope. At radio wavelengths, image resolutions of a few micro-arcseconds have been obtained, and image resolutions of a fractional milliarcsecond have been achieved at visible and infrared wavelengths. One simple layout of an astronomical interferometer is a parabolic arrangement of mirror pieces, giving a partially complete reflecting telescope but with a "sparse" or "dilute" aperture. In fact the parabolic arrangement of the mirrors is not important, as long as the optical path lengths from the astronomical object to the beam combiner (focus) are the same as would be given by the complete mirror case. Instead, most existing arrays use a planar geometry, and Labeyrie's hypertelescope will use a spherical geometry.
  • 780
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Titanium porous bone regeneration scaffold
Additive manufacturing facilitates the design of porous metal implants with detailed internal architecture. A rationally designed porous structure can provide to biocompatible titanium alloys biomimetic mechanical and biological properties for bone regeneration. However, increased porosity results in decreased material strength. The porosity and pore sizes that are ideal for porous implants are still controversial in the literature, complicating the justification of a design decision. Recently, metallic porous biomaterials have been proposed for load-bearing applications beyond surface coatings. This recent science lacks standards, but the Quality by Design (QbD) system can assist the design process in a systematic way.
  • 780
  • 17 Nov 2020
Topic Review
CASA C-101
The CASA C-101 Aviojet is a low-wing single engine jet-powered advanced trainer and light attack aircraft designed and manufactured by Spanish aircraft company Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA). The C-101 was developed in response to a Spanish Air Force requirement, which needed a replacement for the already outdated Hispano Saeta. During 1975, CASA commenced work on what would become the C-101. In addition to its own design team, technical assistance was provided by Germany's Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) and the United States' Northrop. During June 1977, the first of four prototypes performed the type's maiden flight. The design was somewhat reminiscent of other jet trainers of the era, such as the BAE Hawk and the Alpha Jet, but was less aerodynamically sophisticated, being equipped with an unswept wing. Performance of the C-101 during flight testing was reported in excess of predictions. On 17 March 1980, the first examples were introduced to operational service with the Spanish Air Force, which would be the principal customer for the C-101. The initial model possessed only a limited weapons capability, this attack capability was expanded upon later-built aircraft. Several models were exported to overseas operators; the C-101 has been adopted by the Chilean Air Force , Honduran Air Force and the Royal Jordanian Air Force . A final improved model, designated C-101DD, was demonstrated but did not find customers and thus it did not enter serial production. In addition to its use as a trainer aircraft, it has been used to perform aerobatics; in the latter context, it has been flown by the Patrulla Aguila aerobatics team. As of 2019, the C-101 remains in service in the Spanish Air Force and several other countries. Early on the 2010s there were talks about the replacement of the C-101. Finally, in 2020 it was decided that the C-101 would be replaced by the Pilatus PC-21 (24) and the Airbus Future Jet Trainer (50 - 55).
  • 780
  • 22 Nov 2022
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