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Topic Review
Antifungal Drugs against Paracoccidioidomycosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a neglected disease that causes economic and social impacts, mainly affecting people of certain social segments, such as rural workers. The limitations of antifungals, such as toxicity, drug interactions, restricted routes of administration, and the reduced bioavailability in target tissues, have become evident in clinical settings. These factors, added to the fact that Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) therapy is a long process, lasting from months to years, emphasize the need for the research and development of new molecules.
  • 523
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Oral subunit vaccine design
Many pathogens invade the host at the intestinal surface. To protect against these enteropatho-gens, the induction of intestinal secretory IgA (SIgA) responses is paramount. While systemic vaccination provides strong systemic immune responses, oral vaccination is the most efficient way to trigger protective SIgA responses. However, the development of oral vaccines, especially oral subunit vaccines, is challenging due to mechanisms inherent to the gut. Oral vaccines need to survive the harsh environment in the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by low pH and intestinal proteases and need to reach the gut-associated lymphoid tissues, which are protected by chemical and physical barriers that prevent efficient uptake. Furthermore, they need to surmount default tolerogenic responses present in the gut, resulting in suppression of immunity or tolerance. Several strategies have been developed to tackle these hurdles, such as delivery systems that protect vaccine antigens from degradation, strong mucosal adjuvants that induce robust immune responses and targeting approaches that aim to selectively deliver vaccine antigens towards specific immune cell populations.
  • 523
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
5-Hydroxytryptamine 2B Receptor
Since the first characterization of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor (5-HT2BR) in 1992, significant progress has been made in understanding the biological function, the structure, and small-molecule pharmaceutical ligands of the 5-HT2BR. Emerging evidence has suggested that the 5-HT2BR is implicated in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, fibrosis disorders, cancer, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and nervous system. Eight crystal complex structures of the 5-HT2BR bound with different ligands provided great insights into ligand recognition, activation mechanism, and biased signaling. Numerous 5-HT2BR antagonists have been discovered and developed, and several of them have been advanced to clinical trials. It is expected that the novel 5-HT2BR antagonists with high potency and selectivity will lead to first-in-class drugs in various therapeutic areas.
  • 523
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Sequencing in ALK+ NSCLC
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (ALK+ NSCLC) is a model disease for the use of targeted pharmaceuticals in thoracic oncology. This entry summarizes the state-of-the-art treatment for these tumors as of January 2021, with a special emphasis in the sequential use of various compounds as well as the growing importance of molecular profiling and monitoring for patient management.
  • 523
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of STAT3 Inhibitors in Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is a common malignancy worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an important transcription factor that not only regulates different hallmarks of cancer, such as tumorigenesis, cell proliferation, and metastasis but also regulates the occurrence and maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Abnormal STAT3 activity has been found in a variety of cancers, including lung cancer, and its phosphorylation level is associated with a poor prognosis of lung cancer. Therefore, the STAT3 pathway may represent a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of lung cancer. Various types of STAT3 inhibitors, including natural compounds, small molecules, and gene-based therapies, have been developed through direct and indirect strategies, although most of them are still in the preclinical or early clinical stages.
  • 523
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Transient Receptor Potential
The superfamily of ion channels named transient receptor potential (TRP) acts as sensors of oxidative compounds at the plasma membrane and can amplify several signaling. The TRP superfamily is a non-selective cation channel initially identified in the Drosophila fly species. These channels are presented in different cell types and tissues, such as epithelial, immune, and neuronal cells.
  • 523
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Anti-Neuroinflammatory Role of Anthocyanins
Anthocyanins are a large subclass of flavonoids, widely distributed in fruits and vegetables in the human diet. Among flavonoids, anthocyanins have gained prominence mainly due to their high intake in humans and their well-recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities [10,12], among others, making them promising agents for the prevention and treatment of distinct pathological conditions, such as cardiometabolic diseases, cancer, vision impairment, and neurological diseases [11,13,14,15,16,17].
  • 521
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Anti-inflammatory Effect of Essential Oil from Z. striolatum
Zingiber striolatum Diels (Z. striolatum), a widely popular vegetable in China, is famous for its medicinal and nutritional values. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil from Z. striolatum (EOZS) remain unclear. This research unveils the antioxidant capability and potential molecular mechanism of EOZS in regulating inflammatory response, and suggests the application of EOZS as a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in the pharmaceutical and functional food industries. 
  • 520
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Treatment Options of Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori is among the most common infections worldwide, and it can lead to burdensome sequela for the patient and the healthcare system, without appropriate treatment. Due to constantly fluctuating resistance rates, regimens must be constantly assessed to ensure effectiveness. 
  • 525
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Melatonin Usage and Considerations
Exogenous melatonin is commonly used to treat insomnia, other sleep problems, and numerous medical illnesses, including Alzheimer’s disease, autism spectrum disorder, and mild cognitive impairment in adults and children. There is evolving information regarding issues with the use of chronic melatonin.
  • 521
  • 24 Mar 2023
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