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Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Spheroids in Cancer Research
Three-dimensional (3D) cultures of cancer cells that better recapitulate in vivo cell environments emerged as scientifically accurate and low cost cancer models for preclinical screening and testing of new drug candidates before moving to expensive and time-consuming animal models.
  • 604
  • 09 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of mRNA Using Nanomedicine
The development and commercialization of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have pivoted the way towards future applications of mRNA medicines by finally finding a solution to the problem of delivery. Despite concerns from detractors about a lack of applications for nanotechnology, nanomedicine has now demonstrated that it is a translational, relevant and much-needed approach to engineer new genetic drugs. Thus, it is now clear that the full potential of mRNA therapeutics, along with its advantages could not be envisioned without nanomedicine.
  • 604
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Binding of Cholesterol to GPCRs
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that convey extracellular signals to the cellular milieu. They represent a target for more than 30% of currently marketed drugs.
  • 604
  • 27 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Micro- and Nanosized Carriers for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery
The intranasal route of drug administration offers numerous advantages, such as bypassing the intestine, avoiding first-pass metabolism, and reducing systemic side effects. Moreover, it circumvents the BBB, providing direct entrance to the brain through the olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways.  Micro- and nanotechnological approaches were widely used to overcome these limitations and enhance the availability of drugs in the brain tissue. Micro- and nanoparticulate carriers are composed of natural or synthetic materials that interact with biological structures at the molecular level and lead the treatment of NDs into a new direction. They may induce interaction between target sites, thus minimizing the side effects.
  • 604
  • 22 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Nanosystems for Brain Drug Delivery
Antipsychotic drugs have numerous disabling side effects, and many are lipophilic, making them hard to formulate at high strength. Incorporating them into nanometric emulsions can increase their solubility, protect them from degradation, and increase their brain delivery, being a promising strategy to overcome the current treatment gap.
  • 603
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiome, Metformin Treating T2DM
Metformin is the first-line pharmacotherapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, its mechanism of modulating glucose metabolism is elusive. Recent advances have identified the gut as a potential target of metformin. As patients with metabolic disorders exhibit dysbiosis, the gut microbiome has garnered interest as a potential target for metabolic disease. Henceforth, studies have focused on unraveling the relationship of metabolic disorders with the human gut microbiome. 
  • 603
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Lipopolysaccharide, Inflammation and Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is the most abundant proinflammatory agent. Considerable evidence indicates that LPS challenge inescapably causes oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to cell and tissue damage. Increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) generation triggered by LPS is known to play a key role in the progression of the inflammatory response. mtROS at excessive levels impair electron transport chain functioning, reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential, and initiate lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage of mitochondrial proteins and mtDNA. Over the past 20 years, a large number of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (mito-AOX) of different structures that can accumulate inside mitochondria and scavenge free radicals have been synthesized. Their protective role based on the prevention of oxidative stress and the restoration of mitochondrial function has been demonstrated in a variety of common diseases and pathological states.
  • 602
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Promising Lead Compounds for Drug-Resistant-Tuberculosis
The development of drug-resistant strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis illustrates the importance and demand for an early identification of drug-resistant strains, exploring new targets for drug sensitivity, customized treatment plans, and more effective medical interventions. Literature shows several studies, incorporating bioinformatics and proteomics approaches that clearly indicate the potential drug targets and an early diagnostic against drug-resistant strains. To tackle the alarming condition of antimicrobial resistance, pathogen-centric approach covering novel chemotherapeutics and novel diagnostic pathways, along with host targeted therapeutics (i.e., host immune system modulators to treat pathogenesis), must be appraised. The efficacy of novel chemotherapeutic agents (i.e., delamanid and bedaquiline), which currently have approval from USFDA, are now compromised by the successional pathogen tolerance strategies. Novel antitubercular repurposed drugs as combinational treatment solutions (new anti-TB drug schedules) and host-directed therapeutics may be measured to tackle the antibiotic resistance, which is a major problem to tuberculosis management. To combat the antibiotic resistance, the key problem in tuberculosis management, we have to identify the most promising lead compounds among new emerging antitubercular agents and conclude these compounds to clinical trials as potential antitubercular drug candidates, along with considering the host-targeted therapeutics.
  • 601
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicle-based Therapeutics
This is a entry of recent developments of bio-inspired drug delivery systems based on extracellular vesicles (EVs). The main hurdles and limitations for therapeutic and clinical applications of EV-based formulations and various attempts to solve these problems are described. 
  • 600
  • 09 Dec 2020
Topic Review
CAR-T Therapy
Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) therapy targeting CD19 has revolutionised the treatment of advanced acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The success of CAR-T therapy in the first two indications led to the initiation of a large number of studies testing CAR-T therapy in different haematologic tumours such as acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML), Hodgkin’s disease (HD), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), multiple myeloma (MM), as well as different solid tumours. Notwithstanding, this did not prohibit further development of this new therapy to treat other malignancies.
  • 600
  • 31 May 2021
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