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Topic Review
Tumor Spheroids and Organoids
Understanding and investigating tumors is carried out by researchers using a number of different methods. One exciting and promising area is 3D tumor models including spheriod and organoid models. They act in similar ways to tumors which means we can use them to gather important information. This ranges from the way tumors react through to how different treatments may work on tumors. Ultimately they may help guide us towards the types of drugs and therapies that could be used to treat tumors. This work gives an overview of these technologies, the types of 3D models available and how they can be used to improve treatments and their applications in personalized medicine. 
  • 1.9K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Zinc Complexes as Anticancer Agents
The search for anticancer metal-based drugs alternative to platinum derivatives could not exclude zinc derivatives due to the importance of this metal for the correct functioning of the human body. Zinc, the second most abundant trace element in the human body, is one of the most important micro-elements essential for human physiology. Its ubiquity in thousands of proteins and enzymes is related to its chemical features, in particular, its lack of redox activity and its ability to support different coordination geometries and to promote fast ligands exchange. Analogously to other trace elements, the impairment of its homeostasis can lead to various diseases and in some cases can be also related to cancer development. However, zinc complexes generally exert lower toxicity in comparison to other metal-based drugs and many zinc derivatives have been proposed as antitumor agents. Among them zinc complexes  comprising  N-donor ligands have been surveyed and analyzed. 
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides (HMF) is a variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), a heterogeneous group of extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. HMF and classic (erythematous patch/plaque) Mycosis Fungoides (MF) display contrasting clinical characteristics: (i) HMF presents with light colored to achromic patches, as opposed to classic MF, which presents with erythematous scaly patches, plaques, tumors or erythroderma, (ii) HMF primarily affects individuals with darker skin types (Fitzpatrick phototypes IV-VI), while classic MF affects mostly Caucasians, (iii) HMF is commonly seen in pediatric/adolescents and young adults, whereas classic MF is more prevalent in elderly individuals, and (iv) the predominant malignant cells in HMF are CD8+T-cells, as opposed to CD4+T-cells in classic MF. Our recent review paper highlights that active antitumor immune response, specifically a Th1/cytotoxic antitumor immune response seen robustly in HMF, is likely responsible for the differential behavior between these two MF variants. Furthermore, we propose that the hypopigmentation (clinical sign) may serve as a surrogate marker for the presence of antitumor immune response and may portend better prognosis. 
  • 1.8K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Antiparasitic Mebendazole for the Treatment of Brain Cancers
Cancer ranks as a leading cause of death and a significant barrier to increasing life expectancy in every country. According to estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019, cancer is the first or second leading cause of death before age 70 in 112 of 183 countries and ranks third or fourth in 23 countries. Tumor treatments usually consist of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and endocrine therapy that can be used individually or in combination, depending on the stage and type of tumor and diagnosis. Several factors reduce the practical improvement of a cancer patient’s prognosis. Drug-untreatable targets, chemoresistance, tumor heterogeneity, and metastases formation are significant barriers to the effective cure of cancer patients. Despite intense preclinical and clinical research efforts, the survival rate of patients suffering from the most aggressive cancer types has not yet improved, mainly due to therapeutic failure. Moreover, nearly all anticancer medications on the market have serious adverse effects; therefore, new, safer anticancer drugs are desirable.
  • 1.8K
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei (PMP) is a unique clinical condition characterized by massive intraperitoneal growth of mucinous ascites that may be accompanied by peritoneal implants of mucinous tumors. 
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Exosomes
Exosomes are lipid bilayer particles released from cells into their surrounding environment. These vesicles are mediators of near and long-distance intercellular communication and affect various aspects of cell biology. In addition to their biological function, they play an increasingly important role both in diagnosis and as therapeutic agents.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
H3K27M-Mutant Diffuse Midline Glioma
H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma is a rare childhood cancer originating in midline brain structures. The H3K27M mutation substitutes an amino acid on histone H3 that promotes gene expression and tumor growth. This cancer has a dismal prognosis and requires new and better treatment approaches. Thus, innovative treatment approaches are greatly needed to improve clinical outcomes for these patients. 
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Angiogenesis and de novo Arteriogenesis
Arteriogenesis supply oxygen and nutrients in tumor microenvironment (TME), which may play an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. Current anti-angiogenetic targeted treatments have not shown substantial clinical benefits and they are poorly tolerated, and even lead to more malignant relapse. The heterogeneity of tumor-associated endothelial cells (TAECs) and tumor vasculature may be important and should be appreciated in therapeutic targeting the TME. In this regard, the de novo arteriogenesis within the TME may be associated with tumor progression, stemness of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and therapeutic resistance and relapse. Targeting tumor arteriogenesis may thus be a potential novel therapeutic target. Specifically, targeting the FoxO1-CD36-Notch pathway could show the clinical potential by acting on arteriolar niche and CSCs at the same time in a variety of cancers including neuroendocrine cancers, breast cancers, lung cancers and malignant melanoma.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Various Protein Kinase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents
Protein kinases (PTKs) are enzymes that regulate the biological activity of proteins by phosphorylation of certain amino acid residues. This reaction causes a conformational change from an inactive to an active form of the protein, which is one of the most important regulatory mechanisms of the cell cycle and transduction of external signals. Dysregulation of protein kinases activity is implicated in the processes of carcinogenesis and the progression of various solid cancers. Therefore, protein kinases are prime targets for the development of selective anticancer drugs.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
CAR-T Cells in Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic cancer has the worst prognosis and lowest survival rate among all types of cancers and thus, there exists a strong need for novel therapeutic strategies. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells present a new potential option after successful FDA-approval in hematologic malignancies, however, current CAR T cell clinical trials in pancreatic cancer failed to improve survival and were unable to demonstrate any significant response. The physical and environmental barriers created by the distinct tumor microenvironment (TME) as a result of the desmoplastic reaction in pancreatic cancer present major hurdles for CAR T cells as a viable therapeutic option in this tumor entity. Cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts express extracellular matrix molecules, enzymes, and growth factors, which can attenuate CAR T cell infiltration and efficacy. Recent efforts demonstrate a niche shift where targeting the TME along CAR T cell therapy is believed or hoped to provide a substantial clinical added value to improve overall survival.
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Oct 2020
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