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Topic Review
Neuroendocrine Regulation in Liver Fibrosis
Liver fibrosis is a complicated process that involves different cell types and pathological factors. The excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the formation of fibrotic scar disrupt the tissue homeostasis of the liver, eventually leading to cirrhosis and even liver failure. Myofibroblasts derived from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) contribute to the development of liver fibrosis by producing ECM in the area of injuries. It has been reported that the secretion of the neuroendocrine hormone in chronic liver injury is different from a healthy liver. Activated HSCs and cholangiocytes express specific receptors in response to these neuropeptides released from the neuroendocrine system and other neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine hormones and their receptors form a complicated network that regulates hepatic inflammation, which controls the progression of liver fibrosis.
  • 394
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Colorectal Cancer
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular reprogramming process that occurs during embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. This process involves epithelial cells acquiring a mesenchymal phenotype. Epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) has become a hot issue in colorectal cancer (CRC) because strong inducers of EMT (such as transforming growth factor β, TGF-β) can initiate EMT and regulate metastasis, micro-environment, and immune system resistance in CRC.
  • 394
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Approaches for Gastric Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (gNENs) represent rare but increasingly recognized tumors. They are distinguished into three main clinical types (type-1, type-2, and type-3) according to gastrin level and at histological evaluation in well-differentiated G1, G2, or G3 lesions, as well as poorly-differentiated lesions.
  • 394
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Janus-Faced Role of Autophagy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Autophagy is a multi-step catabolic process that occurs in cells at a basal level and is triggered by various stressors that disrupt cellular homeostasis. These stressors can include low levels of cellular ATP, nutrient and growth factor deficiencies, hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, pathogen entry, or exposure to anticancer drugs. 
  • 394
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Prognosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, occurring in both obese and lean patients. It can lead to life-threatening liver diseases and nonhepatic complications, such as cirrhosis and cardiovascular diseases, that burden public health and the health care system. While liver biopsies are the gold-standard in diagnosing NAFLD, it is highly invasive. Hence, several non-invasive methods are developed to diagnose various stages of disease progression and predict NAFLD-related morbidity and mortality. 
  • 393
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy and Apoptosis
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) implicates several interconnecting factors. Immunity and external factors interact, and most aspects are still under investigation. Autophagy and apoptosis are two critical pathways that decide the fate of the individual cells of the intestinal mucosa.
  • 393
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Sarcopenic Obesity in Liver Cirrhosis
The picture of chronic liver diseases (CLDs) has changed considerably in recent years. One of them is the increase of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. More and more CLD patients, even those with liver cirrhosis (LC), tend to be presenting with obesity these days. The annual rate of muscle loss increases with worsening liver reserve, and thus LC patients are more likely to complicate with sarcopenia. LC is also characterized by protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). Since the PEM in LC can be invariable, the patients probably present with sarcopenic obesity (Sa-O), which involves both sarcopenia and obesity. Currently, there is no mention of Sa-O in the guidelines; however, the rapidly increasing prevalence and poorer clinical consequences of Sa-O are recognized as an important public health problem, and the diagnostic value of Sa-O is expected to increase in the future. Sa-O involves a complex interplay of physiological mechanisms, including increased inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, hormonal disorders, and decline of physical activity. The pathogenesis of Sa-O in LC is diverse, with a lot of perturbations in the muscle–liver–adipose tissue axis. 
  • 392
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Modulation in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), are chronic, disabling conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract and characterized by an abnormal immune response to intestinal microflora in genetically susceptible individuals. For their progressive behavior, the recommended management involves optimal and early treatment, in order to prevent complications such as corticosteroids’ need, hospitalization, surgery and disability and dysplasia/cancer. Most S1P modulators are reported to be safe and effective in the treatment of both UC and CD. High and satisfactory rates of clinical remission as well as endoscopic improvement and remission can be achieved with these molecules. Safety alarms remain rather low, although the S1P binding to two of its G protein-coupled receptors, 2 and 3 (S1PR2 and S1PR3), may be associated with cardiovascular risks.
  • 390
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Morphological Variations of the Liver
Radiologists and oncogynecologists should be familiar with different liver shape variations to avoid diagnostic errors and unwanted intraoperative surgical complications. Surgeons should be aware of variations in liver shape as in such cases, the vasculature or gallbladder may have a variant anatomical location.
  • 390
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Imaging in Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer represents one of the most common oncological causes of death worldwide. In order to treat patients in the best possible way, the staging of gastric cancer should be accurate. In this regard, endoscopy ultrasound (EUS) has been considered the reference standard for tumor (T) and nodal (N) statuses. However, thanks to technological improvements, computed tomography (CT) has gained an important role, not only in the assessment of distant metastases (M status) but also in T and N staging.
  • 388
  • 20 Apr 2023
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