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Topic Review
The Role of aHSCs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a global healthcare challenge, which affects more than 815,000 new cases every year. Activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) remain the principal cells that drive HCC onset and growth. aHSCs suppress the anti-tumor immune response through interaction with different immune cells. They also increase the deposition of the extracellular matrix proteins, challenging the reversion of fibrosis and increasing HCC growth and metastasis.
  • 502
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nutrition in Pediatric IBD
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders encompassing Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and unclassified inflammatory bowel disease (IBD-U), characterized by a chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract with a relapsing-remitting behavior, and variably presenting with abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding and weight loss. Dietary factors and malnutrition play a primary role in the onset and management of pediatric IBD. Moreover, an appropriate diet can decrease the risk of IBD flares, and an age-adequate nutritional status can decrease the risk of complications and surgery in the long-term stage of the disease. Enteral nutrition has a significant impact on mucosal inflammation in CD, and clinical response to oral polymeric diet is associated with down-regulation of mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nutritional strategies, such as exclusive enteral nutrition or CDED diet, have shown to be more effective than steroids in inducing clinical remission in pediatric patients.
  • 502
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Microvascular Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Microvascular invasion (MVI) is regarded as a sign of early metastasis in liver cancer and can be only diagnosed by a histopathology exam in the resected specimen. Preoperative prediction of MVI status may exert an effect on patient treatment management, for instance, to expand the resection margin.
  • 498
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Technical Challenges to TIPS and Modifications in Approach
TIPS involves creating an artificial conduit between the hepatic and portal veins to decrease the portal pressure and resolve the associated complications of portal hypertension. The procedure has traditionally been performed under fluoroscopic guidance with or without wedge portography or carbon dioxide angiography to delineate the portal venous branches. In patients with anatomically challenging scenarios such as chronic portal vein thrombosis, traditional TIPS procedure methods may not prove technically successful. 
  • 498
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Secondary Primary Cancer after Primary Gastric Cancer
Advances in cancer screening and early detection, as well as improvements in surgical techniques and therapeutics, have contributed to decreasing gastric cancer mortality. The number of gastric cancer survivors continues to rise; however, long-term follow-up has revealed an increase in the risk of post-gastrectomy symptoms or other health problems, such as extra-gastric secondary primary cancer (SPC), in these survivors. The characteristics of SPC are of increasing interest to both treatment providers and gastric cancer survivors.
  • 497
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Emerging Therapies for Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare malignant tumor that develops from the epithelium of the bile ducts or peribiliary glands (PBGs). Although CCA is considered a rare tumor in Western countries, it represents 3% of all gastrointestinal malignant tumors worldwide and the second most common primary liver cancer
  • 497
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Relationship between Gut Microbiota and SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Gut microbiota is increasingly recognized to play a pivotal role in various human physiological functions and diseases. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, research has suggested that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is also involved in the development and severity of COVID-19 symptoms by regulating SARS-CoV-2 entry and modulating inflammation.
  • 494
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Diabetic Gastroparesis
Diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) is a debilitating gastrointestinal disorder characterized by delayed gastric emptying in individuals with diabetes mellitus, particularly type 1 and long-standing type 2 diabetes. This condition, although not widely known, significantly impacts the quality of life of affected individuals. The symptoms of DGP, including early satiety, excessive fullness after meals, loss of appetite, bloating, abdominal pain, and vomiting, stem from the slowed or stalled movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine.
  • 494
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Immunotherapy with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Tumor biomarkers are cellular and molecular products linked directly or indirectly to the presence of cancer cells that are an expression of the tumor’s intrinsic characteristics and can be identified, measured, and analyzed by specific tests.  Currently, there is an increasing interest in developing novel techniques to extract information on tumor biology directly from patient’s body fluids in a non-invasive way. Liquid biopsy, a non-invasive approach of tumor biomarkers detection, permits a dynamic picture of HCC’s evolution and response to therapy. 
  • 494
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive malignant neoplastic diseases. The incidence and mortality rates of this disease vary depending on geographical area, which might be explained by the different exposure to risk factors. Currently, the risk factors for pancreatic cancer fall into two broad categories, namely extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors include alcohol consumption, smoking, a diet rich in saturated fats, and viral infections such as chronic infection with hepatitis B and C viruses. The pathophysiological mechanisms explaining how these hepatotropic viruses contribute to the development of pancreatic cancer are not fully elucidated. The common origin of hepatocytes and pancreatic cells in the multipotent endodermal cells, the common origin of the blood vessels and biliary ducts of the pancreas and the liver, or chronic inflammatory changes may be involved in this interaction.
  • 491
  • 19 Apr 2022
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