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Topic Review
Biological Therapy on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in RA
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), one of the most common of the chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases (CIADs), is recognized as an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Therapies used in RA include disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), categorized into conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs), targeted synthetic DMARDS (tsDMARDs), and biological DMARDs (bDMARDs). csDMARDs are used as first-line therapy in the absence of contraindications, with Methotrexate (MTX) being the first option. Moreover, when disease activity is high, low doses of glucocorticoids can be used for a short period of time as a bridging therapy.
  • 292
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Cold Atmospheric Plasma in Critically Ill Patients
Critically ill patients are at risk of skin wounds, which reduce their quality of life, complicate their pharmacological regimens, and prolong their hospital stays in intensive care units (ICUs), while also increasing overall mortality and morbidity rates. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been proposed as a viable option for many biological and medical applications, given its capacity to reduce wound bacterial contamination and promote wound healing.
  • 263
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
The Clinical Application of CTCs in Solid Tumors
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells shed from the primary tumor into circulation, with clusters of CTCs responsible for cancer metastases. CTC detection and isolation from the bloodstream are based on properties distinguishing CTCs from normal blood cells. CTCs may play significant roles in cancer screening, diagnosis, treatment navigation, including prognostication and precision medicine, and surveillance. 
  • 298
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Nutrients in NAFLD in People with HIV
HIV infection and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are two major epidemics affecting millions of people worldwide. As people with HIV (PWH) age, there is an increased prevalence of metabolic comorbidities, along with unique HIV factors, such as HIV chronic inflammation and life-long exposure to antiretroviral therapy, which leads to a high prevalence of NAFLD. Among people with HIV, nutrition has a key impact in both NAFLD onset and regression.
  • 398
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Advances in Spinal Cord Stimulation
Neuromodulation, specifically spinal cord stimulation (SCS), has become a staple of chronic pain management for various conditions including failed back syndrome, chronic regional pain syndrome, refractory radiculopathy, and chronic post operative pain. Since its conceptualization, it has undergone several advances to increase safety and convenience for patients and implanting physicians. 
  • 293
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas
Primary cutaneous lymphomas (PCLs) are a heterogenous group of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas of T-cell, NK-cell, or B-cell origin, which primarily affect the skin. PCLs are uncommon, accounting for only about 4% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The classification and treatment guidelines of PCLs is mainly from the World Health Organization (WHO), updated in 2018, which is mainly based on the cell types (T-cells or B-cells), histopathology, and certain proteins expressed on the tumor cell.
  • 232
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Mutations in Mitochondrial-Driven Cancer Growth in Tumors
Here focus on mitochondrial changes in breast and gynecological (endometrial and ovarian) cancers in general. Additionally, How their frequently altered genes (BRCA1/2, HER2, PTEN, PIK3CA, CTNNB1, RAS, CTNNB1, FGFR, TP53, ARID1A, and TERT) affect the mitochondria, highlighting potential therapeutic targets in these malignancies, tailored to their genetic profile was also discussed. 
  • 227
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Immunopotentiating Activity of Fucoidans
Fucoidans, discovered in 1913, are fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides extracted mainly from brown seaweed. These versatile and nontoxic marine-origin heteropolysaccharides have a wide range of favorable biological activities, including antitumor, immunomodulatory, antiviral, antithrombotic, anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antioxidant, and lipid-lowering activities. In the early 1980s, fucoidans were first recognized for their role in supporting the immune response and later, in the 1990s, their effects on immune potentiation began to emerge. The understanding of the immunomodulatory effects of fucoidan has expanded significantly. The ability of fucoidan(s) to activate CTL-mediated cytotoxicity against cancer cells, strong antitumor property, and robust safety profile make fucoidans desirable for effective cancer immunotherapy.
  • 395
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
The Interplay between Inflammation in Malnutrition
Inflammation has been identified as a key driver for disease-related malnutrition, leading to anorexia, reduced food intake, muscle catabolism, and insulin resistance, which are stimulating a catabolic state. Interesting data suggest that inflammation also modulates the response to nutritional treatment. Patients with high inflammation show no response to nutritional interventions, while patients with lower levels of inflammation do. This may explain the contradictory results of nutritional trials to date and the lack of effect in more severly ill patients.
  • 295
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Sepsis and Septic Shock in Adult Patients
Sepsis/septic shock is a life-threatening and time-dependent condition that requires timely management to reduce mortality. The management of sepsis/septic shock is challenging and involves different pathophysiological aspects, encompassing empirical antimicrobial treatment (which is promptly administered after microbial tests), fluid (crystalloids) replacement (to be established according to fluid tolerance and fluid responsiveness), and vasoactive agents (e.g., norepinephrine (NE)), which are employed to maintain mean arterial pressure above 65 mmHg and reduce the risk of fluid overload.  In cases of refractory shock, vasopressin (rather than epinephrine) should be combined with NE to reach an acceptable level of pressure control. If mechanical ventilation is indicated, the tidal volume should be reduced from 10 to 6 mL/kg. Heparin is administered to prevent venous thromboembolism, and glycemic control is recommended. The efficacy of other treatments (e.g., proton-pump inhibitors, sodium bicarbonate, etc.) is largely debated, and such treatments might be used on a case-to-case basis.
  • 277
  • 06 May 2023
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