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Topic Review
Acute Phase/Relapse of Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a common pediatric disease characterized by a dysfunction in the glomerular filtration barrier that leads to protein, fluid, and nutrient loss in urine. Corticosteroid therapy is the conventional treatment in children. Long-term complications of NS and prolonged exposure to steroids affect bones, growth, and the cardiovascular system. Diet can play an important role in preventing these complications, but there is a scarcity of scientific literature about nutritional recommendations for children with NS.
  • 215
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pain and Disorders of Consciousness Patients
Pain assessment and management in patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) is a challenging and important aspect of care, with implications for detecting consciousness and promoting recovery.
  • 189
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Iron in Health and Disease
Iron dysregulation is a common characteristic in many subtypes of acute lung injury (ALI). On the one hand, iron is needed to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as part of the immune response to an infection; on the other hand, iron can accelerate the occurrence of ferroptosis and extend host cell damage. Iron chelation represents a novel therapeutic strategy for alleviating lung injury and improving the survival of patients with ALI. 
  • 239
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
NKG2D/NKG2D Ligand System in Cancer
The family of human NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) consists of eight stress-induced molecules. Over 80% of human cancers express these ligands on the surface of tumour cells and/or associated stromal elements. In mice, NKG2D deficiency increases susceptibility to some types of cancer, implicating this system in immune surveillance for malignancy. However, NKG2DL can also be shed, released via exosomes and trapped intracellularly, leading to immunosuppressive effects. Moreover, NKG2D can enhance chronic inflammatory processes which themselves can increase cancer risk and progression. Indeed, tumours commonly deploy a range of countermeasures that can neutralise or even corrupt this surveillance system, tipping the balance away from immune control towards tumour progression. Consequently, the prognostic impact of NKG2DL expression in human cancer is variable. 
  • 179
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk Evaluation in Patients with Gout
Gout is the monosodium urate (MSU) crystal deposition disease. The experts from the Gout, Hyperuricemia, and Crystal-Associated Disease Network (G-CAN) defined the disease as being present when MSU crystal deposition is accompanied by clinical manifestations such as flares, persistent arthritis, and/or tophi. Gout is intimately associated with cardiovascular disease—especially in cases of an atherosclerosis origin, but also with others such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, or aortic valve stenosis. Besides the common presence of vascular comorbidities in gout sufferers, the disease is—in itself—an independent cardiovascular risk factor, with disease events and mortality attributable to having this condition. Crystal-derived persistent inflammation is likely behind the association.
  • 180
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Prunella vulgaris L.
Prunella vulgaris L. (PV) is a well-known renewable drug resource full of different groups of biologically active substances with a wide range of pharmacological actions and applications in medicine.
  • 371
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Contemporary Biomarkers for Renal Transplantation
Renal transplantation (RT) is the preferred treatment for end-stage renal disease. However, clinical challenges persist, i.e., early detection of graft dysfunction, timely identification of rejection episodes, personalization of immunosuppressive therapy, and prediction of long-term graft survival. Biomarkers have emerged as valuable tools to address these challenges and revolutionize RT patient care. 
  • 486
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
PSMA-PET Imaging in Prostate Cancer
There has been remarkable development in “theranostics”, in which antibodies or small molecular compounds that bind to prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) are coupled with the diagnostic emitter or therapeutic alpha- or beta-emitters to diagnose or treat prostate cancer, respectively.
  • 257
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Limitations of Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing
Prenatal genetic screening tests are ”non-invasive” methods that include the maternal serum screening of markers related to aneuploidy with or without nuchal translucency ultrasonography, and cell-free DNA screening, known as non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). These tests are performed by drawing maternal peripheral blood sampling; therefore, there is no risk of procedure-related pregnancy complications.
  • 380
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Symptoms and Neurological Manifestations among COVID-19 Patients
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged coronavirus, has sparked a global pandemic with its airborne transmission and ability to infect with asymptomatic patients. The disease state, including its pneumonia-like symptoms, is called COVID-19, as it was a coronavirus discovered in 2019. The pathophysiology is thought to relate to the binding of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the body. These receptors are widely expressed in various body organs such as the lungs, the heart, the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and the brain.
  • 255
  • 09 Aug 2023
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