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Topic Review
Genomic Interplay between Neoneurogenesis and Neoangiogenesis in Carcinogenesis
Angiogenesis, the generation of new blood vessels, is one of the hallmarks of cancer. The growing tumor requires nutrients and oxygen. The evidence has shown that tumors release signals to attract new nerve fibers and stimulate the growth of new nerve fibers. Neurogenesis, neural extension, and axonogenesis assist in the migration of cancer cells. Cancer cells can use both blood vessels and nerve fibers as routes for cells to move along. In this way, neurogenesis and angiogenesis both contribute to cancer metastasis. As a result, tumor-induced neurogenesis joins angiogenesis and immunosuppression as aberrant processes that are exacerbated within the tumor microenvironment. The relationship between these processes contributes to cancer development and progression. The interplay between these systems is brought about by cytokines, neurotransmitters, and neuromodulators, which activate signaling pathways that are common to angiogenesis and the nervous tissue. These include the AKT signaling pathways, the MAPK pathway, and the Ras signaling pathway. These processes also both require the remodeling of tissues. The interplay of these processes in cancer provides the opportunity to develop novel therapies that can be used to target these processes.
  • 413
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Types of B-Cell Maturation Antigen Agents
B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, usually found on the surface of normal B-lymphocytes; however, it is overexpressed in pathogenic plasma cells. BCMA has two ligands, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and a B-cell activating factor (BAFF), where APRIL has a greater affinity to bind to its receptor when compared to BAFF. These ligands activate the downstream signals, such as nuclear factor kappa-B, rat sarcoma/mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B/Akt, activating anti-apoptotic protein resulting in cell survival and proliferation. BCMA can be targeted in three different ways: chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
  • 267
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
HIV-Associated Cancer Biomarkers
Biomarkers are classified based on certain parameters such as functions and characteristics such as Type 0, Type I and Type II.
  • 263
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Type II Endometrial and Prostate Cancer
Precision oncology can be defined as molecular profiling of tumors to identify targetable alterations.
  • 191
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Vitamin D—Controlling Infections and Autoimmunity
Vitamin D is critical in protecting humans from hyper-inflammation, invasive pathogens, and autoimmunity risks and in maintaining good health. In contrast, low 25(OH)D status increases susceptibility to infections and developing autoimmunity. Data strongly suggested that maintaining serum 25(OH)D concentrations of more than 50 ng/mL is associated with significant risk reduction from viral and bacterial infections, sepsis, and autoimmunity. This is because, above this level, immune cells get sufficient diffusion of vitamin D and 25(OH)D from the circulation to generate intracellular calcitriol for their biological and physiological actions. Vitamin D deficiency treatment costs less than 0.01% of the cost of investigating worsening comorbidities associated with hypovitaminosis D. Despite cost-benefits, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency remains high worldwide. This was clear among those who died from COVID-19 in 2020/21—most had severe vitamin D deficiency. Herein, the critical mechanisms of how immune cells maintain their robust activities are summarized.
  • 188
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Viral Encoded miRNAs in Tumorigenesis
About 15% of all human cancers have a viral etiology. Although progress has been made, understanding the viral oncogenesis and associated molecular mechanisms remain complex. The discovery of cellular miRNAs has led to major breakthroughs. Interestingly, viruses have also been discovered to encode their own miRNAs. These viral, small, non-coding miRNAs are also known as viral-miRNAs (v-miRNAs).
  • 208
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Proteomics in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynaecologic malignancy among women of advanced age (>40 years), especially in developed countries. The ability to identify ovarian cancer at its earliest stages remains a challenge. Proteomics analysis of OC, as well as their adaptive responses to therapy, can uncover new therapeutic choices, which can reduce the emergence of drug resistance and potentially improve patient outcomes. 
  • 194
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D and Its Neuroimmunological Roles
Vitamin D consists of a group of structurally related secosteroids, including cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D, calcidiol), and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D, calcitriol). Vitamin D, a fat-soluble neuroactive prohormone, is increasingly recognized as not only a marker of overall health but also a necessary neurosteroid and immunomodulator, exerting pleiotropic effects on the neurological system. 
  • 183
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cell Therapy for Intervertebral Discs
An important mechanism for the development of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is an imbalance between anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therapeutic and non-therapeutic approaches for cytokine imbalance correction in IDD either do not give the expected result, or give a short period of time. This explains the relevance of high-tech medical care, which is part of specialized care and includes the use of new resource-intensive methods of treatment with proven effectiveness. 
  • 203
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Iron Homeostasis
Iron accumulation and neuroinflammation are pathological conditions found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Iron and inflammation are intertwined in a bidirectional relationship, where iron modifies the inflammatory phenotype of microglia and infiltrating macrophages, and in turn, these cells secrete diffusible mediators that reshape neuronal iron homeostasis and regulate iron entry into the brain.
  • 616
  • 15 Sep 2023
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