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Topic Review
Thrombosis
Thrombosis (from Ancient Greek θρόμβωσις thrómbōsis "clotting") is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a blood vessel (a vein or an artery) is injured, the body uses platelets (thrombocytes) and fibrin to form a blood clot to prevent blood loss. Even when a blood vessel is not injured, blood clots may form in the body under certain conditions. A clot, or a piece of the clot, that breaks free and begins to travel around the body is known as an embolus. Thrombosis may occur in veins (venous thrombosis) or in arteries (arterial thrombosis). Venous thrombosis (sometimes called DVT) leads to a blood clot in the affected part of the body, while arterial thrombosis (and, rarely, severe venous thrombosis) affects the blood supply and leads to damage of the tissue supplied by that artery (ischemia and necrosis). A piece of either an arterial or a venous thrombus can break off as an embolus, which could then travel through the circulation and lodge somewhere else as an embolism. This type of embolism is known as a thromboembolism. Complications can arise when a venous thromboembolism (commonly called a VTE) lodges in the lung as a pulmonary embolism. An arterial embolus may travel further down the affected blood vessel, where it can lodge as an embolism.
  • 669
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Thromboinflammation in Sepsis and COVID-19
Sepsis and COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) patients often manifest an imbalance in inflammation and coagulation, a complex pathological mechanism also named thromboinflammation, which strongly affects patient prognosis.
  • 269
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Thromboembolic complications of SARS-CoV-2
Covid-19 has the potential to cause severe damage to many tissues, including systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS), multiorgan involvement, and shock. One of the most feared complications are thromboembolic events which lead to severe clinical phenotypes: worsening of pulmonary conditions, oxygen desaturation, and acute respiratory distress. Management choices should be considered according to the critical or chronic setting.                             Main pathophysiological mechanisms underlying thrombosis from Covid-19 are discussed, including metabolic derangements and hormonal factors.
  • 493
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Thromboembolic and Bleeding Events in Transthyretin Amyloidosis
Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is a group of diseases caused by the deposition of insoluble fibrils derived from misfolded transthyretin, which compromises the structure and function of various organs, including the heart. Thromboembolic events and increased bleeding risk are among the most important complications of ATTR, though the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Transthyretin plays a complex role in the coagulation cascade, contributing to the activation and regulation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. The prevalence of atrial fibrillation, cardiac mechanical dysfunction, and atrial myopathy in patients with ATTR may contribute to thrombosis, though such events may also occur in patients with a normal sinus rhythm and rarely in properly anticoagulated patients. Haemorrhagic events are modest and mainly linked to perivascular amyloid deposits with consequent capillary fragility and coagulation anomalies, such as labile international-normalised ratio during anticoagulant therapy. 
  • 247
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Thrombocytopenia and impaired platelet function
Thrombocytopenia and impaired platelet function are known as intrinsic drawbacks of cardiac surgery and extracorporeal life supports (ECLS). A number of different factors influence platelet count and function including the inflammatory response to a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or to ECLS, hemodilution, hypothermia, mechanical damage and preoperative treatment with platelet-inhibiting agents. Moreover, although underestimated, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is still a hiccup in the perioperative management of cardiac surgical and, above all, ECLS patients. Moreover, recent investigations have highlighted how platelet disorders also affect patients undergoing biological prosthesis implantation. Though many hypotheses have been suggested, the mechanism underlying thrombocytopenia and platelet disorders is still to be cleared. This narrative review aims to offer clinicians a summary of their major causes in the cardiac surgery setting. 
  • 438
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Thrombin-Gelatin Matrix in Breast Tumor Hemostasis
Improved hemostasis during acute bleeding and a trend to prevent hematoma were observed after the TGM injection. TGM could be an alternative method to achieve better post-VABB hemostasis.
  • 562
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography in Mitral Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis
Despite advances in diagnosis, imaging methods, and medical and surgical interventions, prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) remains an extremely serious and potentially fatal complication of heart valve surgery. Characteristic changes of PVE are more difficult to detect by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) than those involving the native valve.
  • 576
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Spheroids in Cancer Research
Three-dimensional (3D) cultures of cancer cells that better recapitulate in vivo cell environments emerged as scientifically accurate and low cost cancer models for preclinical screening and testing of new drug candidates before moving to expensive and time-consuming animal models.
  • 593
  • 09 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Printing Technologies for Oral Films
The interest in buccal drug delivery is under consideration due to some distinct properties compared to the traditional pharmaceutical formulations for oral administration: significantly higher bioavailability, a faster absorption rate of the drug, and substantial compliance for special needs patients. Oral films are obtained through various technologies, from conventional tools to 3D and 4D printing approaches. Three-dimensional printing can solve the formulation problems of producing oral films (OFs).
  • 474
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Printing for Cancer Applications
As a variety of novel technologies, 3D printing has been considerably applied in the field of health care, including cancer treatment. With its fast prototyping nature, 3D printing could transform basic oncology discoveries to clinical use quickly, speed up and even revolutionise the whole drug discovery and development process.
  • 576
  • 28 Sep 2021
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