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Topic Review
The Role of Ultrasonography in Hip Impingement Syndromes
Hip pain is indubitably a frequent clinical problem deriving from copious etiologies. Hip impingement syndromes are one of the most prevalent causes of persistent groin pain, especially in young and active patients. Diligent imaging of the hip region is indispensable to discern femoroacetabular impingement, as the differential diagnosis of hip pain can be exceedingly arduous. 
  • 138
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor as a Bipolar Disorder Biomarker
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a key role in brain development, contributing to neuronal survival and neuroplasticity. In fact, BDNF could be used as a marker for acute BD states and as a marker of clinical response to pharmacological treatments since the normalization of BDNF circulating levels has been found after effective pharmacological treatment. However, this interpretation remains speculative and further studies with larger and less heterogeneous samples are required.
  • 287
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Pain Management in Hemodialysis
Acupuncture demonstrated considerable promise as a benign and efficacious supplementary therapy for managing pain, enhancing functional capacity and muscular strength, lessening symptoms of restless leg syndrome and uremic pruritus, and bettering the quality of life (QOL) of patients on hemodialysis. Additional investigations are imperative to confirm these results and define the ideal parameters for treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapy also exhibited the potential to ameliorate diverse facets of wellness in hemodialysis patients, including social support, QOL, and mental health outcomes. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) proved successful in attenuating depressive symptom severity, enhancing therapy adherence, and diminishing depression. Internet-based CBT could potentially enhance the accessibility and effectiveness of these interventions for this patient population. Relaxation techniques, encompassing progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery, deep breathing exercises, and mindfulness meditation, appear to hold potential in managing pain, fatigue, stress, and sleep patterns, as well as in promoting well-being and QOL for hemodialysis patients. Emerging as an innovative immersive technology, virtual reality has demonstrated potential benefits in pain management for individuals undergoing hemodialysis.
  • 406
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Anemia in Chronic Liver Disease
Hematological abnormalities are frequently linked to chronic liver disease of any etiology. About 75% of patients with advanced chronic liver disease experience anemia. The causes of anemia are complex and multifactorial, particularly in cirrhotic patients. 
  • 292
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Microglia in Immunological Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric condition that may involve immune system dysregulation. Microglia are the resident brain innate immune cells that have been implicated in host defense against neurotropic pathogens, brain development, and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • 323
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota in the Infants' First 1000 Days
The first 1000 days after birth represent a critical window for gut microbiome development, which is essential for immune system maturation and overall health. The gut microbiome undergoes major changes during this period due to shifts in diet and environment. Disruptions to the microbiota early in life can have lasting health effects, including increased risks of inflammatory disorders, autoimmune diseases, neurological disorders, and obesity. Maternal and environmental factors during pregnancy and infancy shape the infant gut microbiota.
  • 329
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Influence of Uremic Toxins in Chronic Kidney Disease
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often experience a high accumulation of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs), specifically indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS). In the early stages of CKD, the buildup of PBUTs inhibits bone and muscle function. As CKD progresses, elevated PBUT levels further hinder bone turnover and exacerbate muscle wasting. In the late stage of CKD, hyperparathyroidism worsens PBUT-induced muscle damage but can improve low bone turnover. PBUTs play a significant role in reducing both the quantity and quality of bone by affecting osteoblast and osteoclast lineage. IS, in particular, interferes with osteoblastogenesis by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling, which reduces the expression of Runx2 and impedes osteoblast differentiation. High PBUT levels can also reduce calcitriol production, increase the expression of Wnt antagonists (SOST, DKK1), and decrease klotho expression, all of which contribute to low bone turnover disorders. Furthermore, PBUT accumulation leads to continuous muscle protein breakdown through the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines.
  • 271
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Manipulation of Amino Acids for Cancer Therapy
Cancer cells cannot proliferate and survive unless they obtain sufficient levels of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids (AAs). Unlike normal cells, cancer cells have genetic and metabolic alterations that may limit their capacity to obtain adequate levels of the 20 AAs in challenging metabolic environments. However, since normal diets provide all AAs at relatively constant levels and ratios, these potentially lethal genetic and metabolic defects are eventually harmless to cancer cells. If the normal diet of cancer patients is temporarily replaced  with artificial diets in which the levels of specific AAs are manipulated, cancer cells may be unable to proliferate and survive. 
  • 247
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetic Effects of Human Milk on Infants’ Neurodevelopment
The advantages of human milk feeding, especially in preterm babies, are well recognized. Infants’ feeding with breast milk lowers the likelihood of developing a diverse range of non-communicable diseases later in life and it is also associated with improved neurodevelopmental outcomes. Although the precise mechanisms through which human milk feeding is linked with infants’ neurodevelopment are still unknown, potential epigenetic effects of breast milk through its bioactive components, including non-coding RNAs, stem cells and microbiome, could at least partly explain this association. Micro- and long-non-coding RNAs, enclosed in milk exosomes, as well as breast milk stem cells, survive digestion, reach the circulation and can cross the blood–brain barrier. Certain non-coding RNAs potentially regulate genes implicated in brain development and function, whereas nestin-positive stem cells can possibly differentiate into neural cells or/and act as epigenetic regulators in the brain.
  • 290
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pulmonary Carcinomas with Spindle and/or Giant Cell Features
Primary carcinomas of the lung are vastly represented by the conventional types of adenocarcinomas or squamous cell carcinomas. Spindle cell and/or giant cell carcinomas, although uncommon represent an important group of primary lung carcinomas.
  • 168
  • 22 Aug 2023
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