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Topic Review
Imidazoles as Serotonin Receptor Modulators for Depression Treatment
Serotoninergic signaling is identified as a crucial player in psychiatric disorders (notably depression), presenting it as a significant therapeutic target for treating such conditions. Inhibitors of serotoninergic signaling (especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)) are prominently selected as first-line therapy for the treatment of depression, which benefits via increasing low serotonin levels and norepinephrine by blocking serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake and thereby increasing activity. While developing newer heterocyclic scaffolds to target/modulate the serotonergic systems, imidazole-bearing pharmacophores have emerged. The imidazole-derived pharmacophore already demonstrated unique structural characteristics and an electron-rich environment, ultimately resulting in a diverse range of bioactivities. 
  • 181
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hallmarks of the Tumour Microenvironment of Gliomas
Gliomas are aggressive, primary central nervous system tumours arising from glial cells. Glioblastomas are the most malignant. They are known for their poor prognosis or median overall survival. The advent of immunotherapy with its various modalities—immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses and chimeric antigen receptor T cells and NK cells—has shown promise. 
  • 225
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Methods of Measuring Pancreatic Cystic Lesion Size
The incidence of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) has been rising due to improvements in imaging. Of these, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are the most common and are thought to contribute to almost 20% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas. All major society guidelines for the management of IPMNs use size defined by maximum diameter as the primary determinant of whether surveillance or surgical resection is recommended. However, there is no consensus on how these measurements should be obtained or whether a single imaging modality is superior. Furthermore, the largest diameter may fail to capture the complexity of PCLs, as most are not perfectly spherical.
  • 236
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Nefroprotective Potential of Amazonian Plant Species
There are several Amazonian plant species with potential pharmacological validation for the treatment of acute kidney injury, a condition in which the kidneys are unable to adequately filter the blood, resulting in the accumulation of toxins and waste in the body. 
  • 313
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Ocular Complications of COVID-19
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause illness in animals and humans. They are named for their crown-like spikes on their surface. Coronaviruses can cause a range of illnesses, from the common cold to more severe diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19. Coronaviruses are spread mainly through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or breathes. They can also be spread by touching a surface contaminated with the virus and then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes.
  • 171
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Basics of Neuroimmunology
Neuroimmunology is an interdisciplinary field that brings together knowledge from biology, immunology, chemistry, neurology, pathology, psychiatry, and virology to examine the intricate interrelations between the central nervous system (CNS) and immune system (IS), its interactions during various developmental stages, as well as maintaining homeostasis or responding to injuries. 
  • 210
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Techniques to Assess the Size of KIV-2 CNV
Apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) is the protein component that defines lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) particles and is encoded by the LPA gene. The apo(a) is extremely heterogeneous in size due to the copy number variation (CNV) in the kringle IV type-2 (KIV-2) domains. Lp(a) concentrations in the blood vary by more than a thousand-fold between individuals, ranging from less than 0.1 to more than 300 mg/dL, depending on the size of apo(a) that is encoded by the LPA gene. The KIV-2 copy number ranges from 1 to >40, and the CNV of KIV-2 shows a >95% heterozygosity in most populations. Screening patients for elevated Lp(a) is strongly encouraged as an effective tool to identify individuals requiring more aggressive lipid-lowering therapy to reduce the CVD risk. Lp(a) levels above 50 mg/dL are correlated with an increased risk for the development of CVD.
  • 316
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Freezing of Gait
Parkinson Disease (PD) primarily affects older adults. It is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. Freezing of Gait (FoG) is a symptom present in approximately 80% of advanced-stage PD’s patients. FoG episodes alter the continuity of gait, and may be the cause of falls that can lead to injuries and even death. The recent advances in the development of hardware and software systems for the monitoring, stimulus, or rehabilitation of patients with FoG has been of great interest to researchers because detection and minimization of the duration of FoG events is an important factor in improving the quality of life. 
  • 658
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Relationship between NAFLD and Arterial Hypertension
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and arterial hypertension (AH) are widespread noncommunicable diseases in the global population. Since hypertension and NAFLD are diseases associated with metabolic syndrome, they are often comorbid. In fact, many contemporary published studies confirm the association of these diseases with each other, regardless of whether other metabolic factors, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellites, are present.
  • 262
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of Glutathione Precursors in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative illness resulting in progressive motor impairment and cognitive dysfunction. Most PD cases are sporadic, and only a low percentage is related to mutations in a few genes, causing familial PD. As in other prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, aging is the principal risk factor for developing this condition. The protein cysteinome is crucial in cellular regulation and plays unexpected roles in the aging of complex organisms, which show cumulative somatic mutations, telomere attrition, epigenetic modifications, and oxidative dysregulation, culminating in cellular senescence. The cysteine thiol groups are highly redox-active, allowing high functional versatility as structural disulfides, redox-active disulfides, active-site nucleophiles, proton donors, and metal ligands to participate in multiple regulatory sites in proteins. Also, antioxidant systems control diverse cellular functions, including the transcription machinery, which partially depends on the catalytically active cysteines that can reduce disulfide bonds in numerous target proteins, driving their biological integration.
  • 210
  • 13 Sep 2023
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