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Topic Review
Arsenic-Induced Carcinogenesis
Arsenic is a chemical element that is toxic, and long-term exposure to it causes cancers such as lung, skin, liver, and bladder cancers. Over 150 million people around the world are affected by arsenic exposure.
  • 502
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Platelet Biology
Platelets are generated from megakaryocytes in a multi-step process called thrombopoiesis regulated by thrombopoietin. Thrombopoietin stimulates its receptor in megakaryocytes to induce the genesis of pro-platelets via a mechanism activated by low platelet counts. Platelet counts in blood are controlled by the rates of production and removal, involving mechanisms of platelet clearance, activation or ageing. Platelets are the most numerous circulating cell type (≈200,000/µL blood in humans) with an immune function. 
  • 504
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The HIF-1α and Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is one of the most aggressive tumors in the clinic that is resistant to chemotherapy. Gastric tumors are rich in hypoxic niches, and high expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α is associated with poor prognosis. Hypoxia is the principal architect of the topographic heterogeneity in tumors. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) reinforces all hallmarks of cancer and donates cancer cells with more aggressive characteristics at hypoxic niches. HIF-1α potently induces sustained growth factor signaling, angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and replicative immortality. Hypoxia leads to the selection of cancer cells that evade growth suppressors or apoptotic triggers and deregulates cellular energetics. HIF-1α is also associated with genetic instability, tumor-promoting inflammation, and escape from immunity. 
  • 503
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Autophagy Modulation in Cholangiocarcinoma
Autophagy is a multistep catabolic process through which misfolded, aggregated or mutated proteins and damaged organelles are internalized in membrane vesicles called autophagosomes and ultimately fused to lysosomes for degradation of sequestered components. The multistep nature of the process offers multiple regulation points prone to be deregulated and cause different human diseases but also offers multiple targetable points for designing therapeutic strategies. Cancer cells have evolved to use autophagy as an adaptive mechanism to survive under extremely stressful conditions within the tumor microenvironment, but also to increase invasiveness and resistance to anticancer drugs such as chemotherapy.
  • 503
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
SGLT2-Inhibitors on Epicardial Adipose Tissue
Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) reduce adipose tissue and cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Accumulation of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is associated with increased cardio-metabolic risks and obstructive coronary disease events in patients with T2D. Studies suggest that the amount of EAT is significantly reduced in T2D patients with SGLT2-i treatment.
  • 502
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cellular Senescence in Lung Fibrosis
Cellular senescence, one of the hallmarks of aging, is defined as a cellular state of irreversibly arrested proliferation of aged or damaged cells.
  • 502
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Oxygen Homeostasis
The unique biology of the intestinal epithelial barrier is linked to a low baseline oxygen pressure (pO2), characterised by a high rate of metabolites circulating through the intestinal blood and the presence of a steep oxygen gradient across the epithelial surface. These characteristics require tight regulation of oxygen homeostasis, achieved in part by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-dependent signalling. Furthermore, intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) possess metabolic identities that are reflected in changes in mitochondrial function. In recent years, it has become widely accepted that oxygen metabolism is key to homeostasis at the mucosae. In addition, the gut has a vast and diverse microbial population, the microbiota. Microbiome–gut communication represents a dynamic exchange of mediators produced by bacterial and intestinal metabolism. The microbiome contributes to the maintenance of the hypoxic environment, which is critical for nutrient absorption, intestinal barrier function, and innate and/or adaptive immune responses in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • 501
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Physiological Significance of Esophageal TRPV4 Channel
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a non-selective cation channel that is broadly expressed in different human tissues, including the digestive system, where it acts as a molecular sensor and a transducer that regulates a variety of functional activities.
  • 501
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Mathematical Models of Apoptosis
Apoptosis is one of the most well-studied and characterized programmed cell death mechanisms. The detailed characterization of molecular interactions involved in apoptosis, and the growing amount of related quantitative data, has encouraged computational and systems biologists to develop mathematical models of apoptosis.
  • 501
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
CRISPR-Cas and Its Wide-Ranging Applications
The CRISPR-Cas system is a powerful tool for in vivo editing the genome of most organisms, including man.
  • 501
  • 24 May 2021
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