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Topic Review
Sol–Gel Ceramics
The process of inorganic polymerization or the sol–gel method is an inexpensive, low-energy consuming, and stable process for obtaining high-purity ceramics, which offer versatility for the production of different kinds of devices, some of which can be used in surface-enhanced spectroscopy such as Surface Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy (SEIRAS) and Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS).
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Sol-gel Technology for Commercial Coatings
The commercial availability of inorganic/organic precursors for sol-gel formulation is very high and increase day by day. By using the sol-gel technology, it is possible to provide materials with functional/multi-functional characteristics including flame retardant, anti-mosquito, water-repellent oil-repellent, anti-bacterial, anti-wrinkle, ultraviolet (UV) protection, self-cleaning and other properties. Some of these properties are discussed here, describing basic chemistry, factors affecting the sol-gel process, as well as progress and parameters controlling sol-gel technology for thin coatings.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Sol-Gel Technology
The commercial availability of inorganic/organic precursors for sol-gel formulations is very high and increases day by day. In textile applications, the precursor-synthesized sol-gels along with functional chemicals can be deposited onto textile fabrics in one step by rolling, padding, dip-coating, spraying or spin coating. By using this technology, it is possible to provide fabrics with functional/multi-functional characteristics including flame retardant, anti-mosquito, water- repellent, oil-repellent, anti-bacterial, anti-wrinkle, ultraviolet (UV) protection and self-cleaning properties. These surface properties are discussed, describing the history, basic chemistry, factors affecting the sol-gel synthesis, progress in sol-gel technology along with various parameters controlling sol-gel technology. Additionally, this review deals with the recent progress of sol-gel technology in textiles in addressing fabric finishing, water repellent textiles, oil/water separation, flame retardant, UV protection and self-cleaning, self-sterilizing, wrinkle resistance, heat storage, photochromic and thermochromic color changes and the improvement of the durability and wear resistance properties.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Sol-Gel Materials for Electrochemical Applications
Modified electrodes for sensors and supercapacitors as well as anti-corrosion are described. Sol-gel synthesis expands the capabilities of technologists to obtain highly porous, homogeneous, and hybrid thin-film materials for supercapacitor electrode application. The widespread materials are transition metal oxides, but due to their low conductivity, they greatly impede the rate capability of electrochemical supercapacitors. The way to optimize their properties is the production of complex oxides or different composites. Among the new materials, a special place is occupied by perovskites and materials with an olivine-type structure, which can be easily obtained by the sol-gel method. The sol-gel coating process has demonstrated excellent chemical stability to advance the corrosion resistance of the various metal alloy substrates. 
  • 392
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sol-Gel and Layer-by-Layer Coatings
The use of urface-engineered coatings for the fire protection of cotton fabrics is continously growing. In this context, two main approaches have been extensively investigated, namely sol-gel derived coatings and layer-by-layer assemblies. These approaches are both capable of providing treated fabrics with outstanding flame-retardant features, when exposed to a flame or an irradiative heat flux.  This review work aims at discussing the recent progresse with respect to both strategies, highlighting current limitations, open challenges, and possible further developments.
  • 886
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Sodium-Vanadium Bronze Na9V14O35
Na9V14O35 (η-NaxV2O5) has been synthesized by a solid-state route in an evacuated sealed silica tube and tested as electroactive material for Na half-cells. Being charged to 4.6 V vs. Na+/Na, almost 3 Na can be extracted per Na9V14O35 formula unit, resulting in a charge capacity of about 60 mAh g−1. Upon discharge below 1 V, Na9V14O35 uptakes Na up to the Na:V = 1:1 atomic ratio that is accompanied by a drastic increase of the separation between the layers of the VO4 tetrahedra and VO5 tetragonal pyramids, and a volume increase of about 31%. The induced structure instability triggers a transformation of the ordered layered Na9V14O35 structure into a rock-salt type disordered structure. Ultimately, the amorphous products of a conversion reaction are formed at 0.1 V, delivering the discharge capacity up to 490 mAh g−1, which, however, quickly fades with the number of charge-discharge cycles.
  • 543
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sodium nitropusside a novel neuroleptic
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder affecting up to 1% of the worldwide population. Available therapy presents different limits comprising lack of efficiency in attenuating negative symptoms and cognitive deficits, typical features of schizophrenia and severe side effects. There is pressing requirement, therefore, to develop novel neuroleptics with higher efficacy and safety. Nitric oxide (NO), an intra- and inter-cellular messenger in the brain, appears to be implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In particular, underproduction of this gaseous molecule is associated to this mental disease. The latter suggests that increment of nitrergic activity might be of utility for the medication of schizophrenia. Based on the above, molecules able to enhance NO production, as are NO donors, might represent a class of compounds candidates. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is a NO donor and is proposed as a promising novel compound for the treatment of schizophrenia.
  • 483
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Sodium Cyclamate
Sodium cyclamate (sweetener code 952) is an artificial sweetener. It is 30–50 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar), making it the least potent of the commercially used artificial sweeteners. It is often used with other artificial sweeteners, especially saccharin; the mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin is common and masks the off-tastes of both sweeteners. It is less expensive than most sweeteners, including sucralose, and is stable under heating. Safety concerns led to it being banned in a few countries, though the European Union considers it safe.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sodium Alginate
Alginian sodu (Na-Alg) jest rozpuszczalnym w wodzie, obojętnym i liniowym polisacharydem. Jest pochodną kwasu alginowego, który zawiera kwasy 1,4-β-d-mannuronowy (M) i α-l-guluronowy (G) i ma wzór chemiczny (NaC6H7O6). Wykazuje właściwości rozpuszczalne w wodzie, nietoksyczne, biokompatybilne, biodegradowalne i nieimmunogenne. Był używany do różnych zastosowań biomedycznych, wśród których najbardziej obiecujące są dostarczanie leków, dostarczanie genów, opatrywanie ran i ich gojenie.
  • 2.0K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Sodiophilicity Regulation in Metallic Na Anodes
The Na metal anode is the essential component for room-temperature sodium-metal batteries (SMBs), such as Na-S, Na-Se, and Na-O2. However, the practical application of liquid-electrolyte-based SMBs has been troubled by extensive volume change and mossy/dendritic growth during Na electrodeposition. In this regard, the sodiophilicity (of the solid electrolytes or 2D/3D Na hosts) has been widely deemed vital for achieving stable Na metal anodes in either solid- or liquid-electrolyte-based SMBs, and many strategies have emerged to improve Na wettability and stabilize Na metal anodes for the three types of batteries.
  • 502
  • 11 Jul 2022
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