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Topic Review
Hydrodynamically Closed Capillary Electrophoresis
Several research disciplines require fast, reliable and highly automated determination of pharmaceutically active compounds and their enantiomers in complex biological matrices. To address some of the challenges of Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), such as low concentration sensitivity and performance degradation linked to the adsorption and interference of matrix components, CE in a hydrodynamically closed system was evaluated using the model compounds Pindolol and Propranolol. Some established validation parameters such as repeatability of injection, efficiency, resolution and sensitivity were used to assess its performance, and it was found to be broadly identical to that of hydrodynamically opened systems. While some reduction in separation efficiency was observed, this was mainly due to dispersion caused by injection and it had no impact on the ability to resolve enantiomers of model compounds even when spiked into complex biological matrix such as blood serum. An approximately 18- to 23-fold increase in concentration sensitivity due to the employment of wide bore capillaries was observed. This brings the sensitivity of CE to a level similar to that of liquid chromatography techniques. In addition to this benefit and unlike in hydrodynamically opened systems, suppression of electroosmotic flow, which is essential for hydrodynamically closed systems practically eliminates the matrix effects that are linked to protein adsorption.
  • 733
  • 29 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Biochar and Cementitious Composites
Cementitious materials are one of the most used infrastructure materials worldwide due to their low cost, well-developed production methods, and well adaptability to varying environmental conditions. Cementitious composites are mainly divided into three groups, i.e., concrete, mortar and paste. Being quasi brittle, they are prone to cracking, which greatly compromises their strength and durability. Due significance has been given to mitigate the brittle behavior of cementitious composites in the past: Various studies are available, intended at improving the tensile strain capacity of the cementitious materials. Apart from conventional steel reinforcement, inclusion of fibers has remained the focus of many studies.
  • 732
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Characterization of Electrospun Scaffold Morphology
Electrospun scaffolds are an important focus of regenerative tissue engineering due to their extremely thin fibers with large surface areas, superior mechanical properties, and ease of processing. Studies to design, fabricate and characterize fibrous scaffolds have been manifold. The characterization of morphology is essential to the main purpose of such scaffolds: to aid in cell proliferation. 
  • 732
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Non-Titania Based Semiconductor Hetero-Nanoarchitectures
Plasmonic photocatalysts combining metallic nanoparticles and semiconductors have been aimed as versatile alternatives to drive light-assisted catalytic chemical reactions beyond the ultraviolet (UV) regions, and overcome one of the major drawbacks of the most exploited photocatalysts (TiO2 or ZnO). The strong size and morphology dependence of metallic nanostructures to tune their visible to near-infrared (vis-NIR) light harvesting capabilities has been combined with the design of a wide variety of architectures for the semiconductor supports to promote the selective activity of specific crystallographic facets. The search for efficient heterojunctions has been subjected to numerous studies, especially those involving gold nanostructures and titania semiconductors. In the present review, we paid special attention to the most recent advances in the design of gold-semiconductor hetero-nanostructures including emerging metal oxides such as cerium oxide or copper oxide (CeO2 or Cu2O) or metal chalcogenides such as copper sulfide or cadmium sulfides (CuS or CdS). These alternative hybrid materials were thoroughly built in past years to target research fields of strong impact, such as solar energy conversion, water splitting, environmental chemistry, or nanomedicine.
  • 732
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Silicon-Based Nanomaterials
Laser ablation is a technique by which a laser beam is focused on a substrate to remove part of the material from the irradiated surface. Under the right conditions, nanomaterials of the desired size and in the absence of additional substances are obtained. This green methodology applied to a silicon substrate produces silicon-based nanomaterials, which include the characteristic advantages of these materials and reduce the potential toxicity. The applicability of these nanomaterials for nanomedicine is incalculable. This review highlights the latest advances in the treatment of bacterial infection with silicon-based nanomaterials and points out the future challenges in this field.
  • 732
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
MSNs for Cancer Treatment
Cancer treatment and therapy has made significant leaps and bounds in these past decades. However, there are still cases where surgical removal is impossible, metastases are challenging and chemotherapy and radiotherapy pose severe side effects. Therefore, the need to find more effective and specific treatments still exists. One of the ways is through the utilization of drug delivery agents (DDA) based on nanomaterials. In 2001, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were first used as DDA and have gained considerable attention in this field. The popularity of MSNs is due to their unique properties such as tunable particle and pore size, high surface area and pore volume, easy functionalization and surface modification, high stability and their capability to efficiently entrap cargo molecules. This review describes the latest advancement of MSNs as DDA for cancer treatment. We focus on the fabrication of MSNs, the challenges in DDA development and how MSNs address the problems through development of smart DDA using MSNs. Besides that, MSNs have also been applied as a multifunctional DDA where they can serve in both diagnostic and treatment of cancer. Overall, we argue MSNs provide a bright future for both the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. 
  • 732
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Ketogenic Diet in Cancer Prevention/Therapy
The ketogenic diet (KD) has recently emerged as a metabolic therapy in cancer treatment, targeting cancer cell metabolism rather than a conventional dietary approach. The ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat and very-low-carbohydrate with adequate amounts of protein, has shown antitumor effects by reducing energy supplies to cells. This low energy supply inhibits tumor growth, explaining the ketogenic diet’s therapeutic mechanisms in cancer treatment.
  • 731
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Sensing ability of ferroelectric oxide nanowires grown in nanopores
Nanowires of ferroelectric potassium niobate were grown by filling nanoporous templates of both sides opened anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) through radiofrequency vacuum sputtering for multisensor fabrication. The precise geometrical ordering of the AAO matrix led to a well-defined single-axis oriented wire-shaped material inside the pores. The sensing abilities of the samples were studied and analyzed in terms of piezoelectric and pyroelectric response and the results were compared for different lengths of the nanopores (nanotubes)—1.3 µm, 6.3 µm, and 10 µm. Based on scanning electron microscopy, elemental and microstructural analyses, as well as electrical measurements at bending and heating, the overall sensing performance of the devices was estimated. It was found that the produced membrane-type elements, consisting of potassium niobate grown in AAO template exhibited excellent piezoelectric response due to the increased specific area as compared to non-structured films, and could be further enhanced with the length of the nanowires. The piezoelectric voltage increased linearly with 16 mV per micrometer of nanowire’s length. At the same time, the pyroelectric voltage was found to be less sensitive to the length of the nanowires, changing its value at 400 nV/µm. This paper provides a simple and low-cost approach for nanostructuring ferroelectric oxides with multi-sensing application and serves as a base for further optimization of template-based nanostructured devices.
  • 731
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Supercapacitors
Supercapacitors are a category of energy-storage devices based on high-speed electrostatic or Faradaic electrochemical processes. The charge is mainly stored at the electrode−electrolyte interface of the active materials, such as high surface porous carbons, metal oxides, or conducting polymers. They consist of one positive electrode and one negative electrode soaked in an electrolyte and separated by an ion-permeable, electronically insulating separator.Compared with batteries, supercapacitors can supply much faster charge and discharge rates within seconds or minutes time scales but lower specific energy. Besides the high power densities, supercapacitors also have some other advantages over batteries, such as high operating safety, long cycling life, high efficiency, and high performance stability.
  • 731
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are produced from physiologically biocompatible lipids. They have been proven to improve solubility, cellular uptake, and stability, reduce enzyme degradation, and prolong the circulation time of various drugs. SLNs have been applied in the oral, parenteral, transdermal, intranasal, ocular, and pulmonary drug delivery of different drugs, with enhanced safety, bioavailability, and overall therapeutic effects. In this entry, the authors summarize the primary features of SLNs, methods to prepare SLNs, and recent applications of SLNs in drug delivery. Owing to their advantages, SLNs are potential drug delivery systems to improve the management of various diseases and will, soon, be available for clinical use. 
  • 730
  • 24 May 2022
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