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Topic Review
Antibiotic Residues in Food
The usage of antibiotics has been, and remains, a topic of utmost importance; on the one hand, for animal breeders, and on the other hand, for food safety. Although many countries have established strict rules for using antibiotics in animal husbandry for the food industry, their misuse and irregularities in compliance with withdrawal periods are still identified. In addition to animal-origin foods that may cause antibiotic residue problems, more and more non-animal-origin foods with this type of non-compliance are identified. 
  • 733
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Work-Related Stress during Home-Based Remote Work
Remote work takes place outside a designated work location, such as corporate offices, and is often associated with working from home or working (home-based remote work) at a client’s location. In contrast, telework can be conducted remotely as well, but also focuses on the use of personal electronical devices . Ideally, job demands and job resources behave in a dynamic, balanced manner that lead to or maintain employee health. However, when work demands exceed work resources and work resources are inadequate for work demands, an imbalance occurs that leads to WRS over time.
  • 663
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
The Non-Clinical Impacts of Delayed or Cancelled Surgery
Prior to and during the pandemic, the impact of delayed surgical procedures on individual non-clinical, or non-physical harms has been an area of significant concern. There are reports of profound social harms, such as loss of earnings due to being unable to work, relationship breakdown, and difficulties in obtaining assistance with activities of daily living. Delays experienced by patients can also impact nursing care provision. If people are more clinically unwell or have experienced some loss in their ability to self-care, this may change their in-patient nursing needs and require additional staffing resource and changes in skill-mix. Thus, there is an emerging need to consider stratifying peoples’ waiting list position within the RCS surgical priority category to which they have been assigned, based not just on potential physical harms resulting from an extended delay in resolving their clinical condition, but also risk of non-clinical harms.
  • 600
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Breathing Exercises for Improving Influencing Cognitive Decline
Stroke is caused by a fall in blood supply to the brain or due to cerebral hemorrhage and is the most common cerebrovascular condition. With the increase in the average life expectancy as a result of lifestyle improvements and advances in health care, the number of patients with stroke has seen an upward trend. Furthermore, studies have shown a possible association between the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and acute cerebrovascular diseases such as ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and cerebral venous thrombosis. With the continuing COVID-19 pandemic, a steep increase in stroke incidence is therefore likely.
  • 487
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Cancers: Costs in Relation to Disability-Adjusted Life Years
Cancer represents a major health issue, concerning both the clinical burden (in terms of morbidity and mortality) and the consequent economic implications. With regard to the latter, Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are often used to measure the burden of disease since they are a compound unit encompassing both disability and mortality, but substantial heterogeneity occurs when they are translated to monetary value. Each DALY due to cancer has shown to cost, on average, around 9000 USD in high- and upper-middle income countries, although this computation can be strongly influenced by fluctuations depending on cancer type and other parameters (e.g., country, prices). Moreover, the cost per cancer-related DALY has been found to be, on average, 32% (95% CI: 24–42%) of the corresponding countries’ gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, which implies that the use of a priori established parameters, such as GDP or the value of a statistical life (VSL), might lead to presenting rough estimates highly different (even threefold) from what emerges a posteriori, after directly retrieving figures and/or building models out of available data.
  • 321
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Interventions in Adults with Depression
Dietary interventions may reduce depression levels with positive outcomes. There is a positive result for diets that promote an increased intake of fresh produce, wholegrains, low-fat dairy and lean protein sources, while also decreasing the intake of processed and high-fat foods.
  • 306
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Sex Differences in Substance Use, Prevalence, Pharmacological Therapy
Sex differences are poorly studied within the field of mental health, even though there is evidence of disparities (with respect to brain anatomy, activation patterns, and neurochemistry, etc.) that can significantly influence the etiology and course of mental disorders. Girls with ADHD are more at risk of substance use than boys, although there was no consensus on the prevalence of dual disorders. Girls are less frequently treated because of underdiagnosis and because they are more often inattentive and thereby show less disruptive behavior. Together with increased impairment in cognitive and executive functioning in girls, the aforementioned could be related to greater substance use and poorer functioning, especially in terms of more self-injurious behavior; and early diagnosis and treatment of ADHD, especially in adolescent girls, is essential to prevent early substance use, the development of SUD, and suicidal behavior.
  • 288
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Factors Associated with HIV and Syphilis Co-Infection
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–syphilis co-infection poses a threat to certain populations, and patients may have considerably poorer health outcomes due to these infections. Males—particularly men who have sex with men—compose the overwhelming majority of co-infected cases. Additional risk factors include a low CD4 cell count, current or past sexually transmitted infections, and a high number of sexual partners. 
  • 318
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Photoplethysmography
Optical sensors play an increasingly important role in the development of medical diagnostic devices. They can be very widely used to measure the physiology of the human body. Optical methods include PPG, radiation, biochemical, and optical fiber sensors. Optical sensors offer excellent metrological properties, immunity to electromagnetic interference, electrical safety, simple miniaturization, the ability to capture volumes of nanometers, and non-invasive examination. In addition, they are cheap and resistant to water and corrosion. The use of optical sensors can bring better methods of continuous diagnostics in the comfort of the home and the development of telemedicine in the 21st century.
  • 890
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Uncontrolled and Controlled Destruction of Acetylene Pressure Cylinders
The risk of physical destruction of a pressure cylinder increases with increasing temperature load. Acetylene is a significant hazardous gas in cylinders. If the destruction pressure is reached, the cylinder is torn into two or more pieces, followed by the gas release to the environment. The presence of ignition sources could lead to the formation of the fireball phenomenon. This phenomenon generally reaches approximately ten meters in diameter and can be accompanied by a blast wave and a spread of the cylinder’s fragments or surrounding objects. The consequences of this type of fire could be fatal. Shooting through the cylinder shell may lead to the mitigation, if not elimination, of the effects of the uncontrolled destruction mentioned above. As a result of the review of relevant publications, several states commonly use this method as a standard procedure. Internal gas is released through the resulting hole, the pressure drops down and the gas creates a fire jet or disperses to surroundings. This study is based on a large-scale experiment where acetylene cylinders were placed inside a prepared woodpile and exposed to fire. In the fire condition, the cylinders exploded and created fireballs, or were penetrated via shooting and created fire jets.
  • 443
  • 27 May 2022
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