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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Role of PM2.5 in Viral Infections
Several epidemiologic and toxicological studies have commonly viewed ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), defined as particles having an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm, as a significant potential danger to human health. PM2.5 is mostly absorbed through the respiratory system, where it can infiltrate the lung alveoli and reach the bloodstream. In the respiratory system, reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (ROS, RNS) and oxidative stress stimulate the generation of mediators of pulmonary inflammation and begin or promote numerous illnesses. 
  • 444
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Meta-Analysis of Flipped Learning Effects in Nursing Education
This is a meta-analysis of the effect of the outcome variables of fragment learning in nursing education, such as clinical strength, critical thinking ability, self dominance and learning satisfaction.
  • 444
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Problems Associated with Moulds in Foodstuffs
Two downsides associated with the mould contamination of food are of interest: spoilage and mycotoxin production provoking food quality and food safety concerns, respectively.
  • 444
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Physical Therapy intervene Critically-Ill COVID-19
As part of COVID-19 consequences, it has been estimated that 5% of patients affected by this dis-ease will require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), and physical therapy techniques have been implemented in patients with other conditions admitted to ICU.
  • 443
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Pharmacist Intervention in Portuguese Older Adult Care
The increase in life expectancy and population ageing are currently significant societal concerns. Pharmacist intervention is a way to ensure the correct use of medicines and adherence to therapy, helping to prevent drug interactions and adverse drug reactions, thus improving health and preventing further medication-related problems in older adults.
  • 443
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Indolepropionic Acid and Risk of T2DM & NAFLD
Gut-derived metabolites such as indolepropionic acid (IPA) are known to paly an important contribution in the development of metabolic diseases. The source of IPA depends on the dietary tryptophan intake, especially fiber, and presence of specific bacterial species in the human gut. In the present narrative review we elaborate on the role of IPA in type 2 diabetes (T2D) as well as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Researchers further explored the association of IPA with well known T2D-genetic variants and IPA-linked mechanisms affecting glucose metabolism and liver fibrosis.
  • 443
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Fibre and Colorectal Adenoma
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer among men (after lung and prostate cancer) and the second among women (after breast cancer) worldwide, with approximately 2 new million cases (among both men and women) in 2020. Colorectal cancer is one of the few cancers for which a population screening program is in place practically all over the world. Fibre might play a protective role through several mechanisms, including physical mechanisms, anti-inflammatory properties and prebiotic effects. Results from two extensive and recent meta-analyses confirm the protective role of fibre on colon and rectal cancer risk
  • 441
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Hospital Ethical Climate and Job Satisfaction among Nurses
Ethical climate can be defined as a set of behaviors, emotions and impressions characteristic for a given organization and shaped by a number of factors, such as professional values, norms, views, and cultivated tradition. The concept of the Ethical Climate Theory (ECT) dates back to the 1980s. The ECT authors, B. Victor and J.B. Cullen, classified the following five types of climate: caring, independent, rules, rights referred to as professional, and instrumental.
  • 441
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Physical and Chemical Restraint
A consensus definition of physical restraint describes it as "any action or procedure that prevents a person’s free body movement to a position of choice and/or normal access to his/her body by the use of any method, attached or adjacent to a person’s body that he/she cannot control or remove easily." (Bleijleves, Gulpers, Cpezuti, et. al., 2013). Definitions for chemical restraints in long-term care have included ‘medication classes’, e.g. psychotropics, hypnotics, etc. however, without a consensus definition of which drug classes are considered to be chemical restraint, there is no consistency. 
  • 441
  • 23 Apr 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Vaccination in Developing Nations
Vaccines offer a hope toward ending the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV2. Mass vaccination of the global population offers hope to curb the spread. Developing nations, however, face monumental challenges in procurement, allocation, distribution and uptake of vaccines. Inequities in vaccine supply are already evident with resource-rich nations having secured a large chunk of the available vaccine doses for 2021. Once supplies are made available, vaccines will have to be distributed and administered to entire populations—with considerations for individual risk level, remote geography, cultural and socio-economic factors. This would require logistical and trained personnel support that can be hard to come by for resource-poor nations. Several vaccines also require ultra-cold temperatures for storage and transport and therefore the need for specialized equipment and reliable power supply which may also not be readily available. Lastly, attention will need to be paid to ensuring adequate uptake of vaccines since vaccine hesitancy has already been reported for COVID vaccines. However, existing strengths of local and regional communities can be leveraged to provide innovative solutions and mitigate some of the challenges. Regional and international cooperation can also play a big role in ensuring equity in vaccine access and vaccination.
  • 441
  • 21 May 2021
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