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Topic Review
Neurobehavioral Phenotype and Dysexecutive Syndrome of Preterm Children
The neurodevelopmental outcome of the premature infant is characterized by a set of minor-to-moderate dysfunctions in the developmental fields (language, praxis, executive, behavioral and attention disorders, social interaction disorders, etc.). These dysfunctions tend to cumulate, even to potentiate, which impacts school learning and the daily life of these children and their parents. Executive functions, such as high-level cognitive operations, play a preponderant role in learning and social adaptation via the regulation of children’s behavior and emotions. Thus, the notion of executive dysfunctions as an underlying mechanism of neurodevelopmental difficulties in VP children is now well documented. Executive deficit is central to the neurodevelopmental phenotype of preterm infants and their learning difficulties, both from a cognitive and a behavioral or social point of view.
  • 537
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Neuro-Immune Modulation in Functional Somatic Syndromes
Functional somatic syndromes (FSS) are increasingly diagnosed in chronically ill patients presenting with an array of symptoms not attributed to physical ailments. Conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia syndrome, or irritable bowel syndrome are common disorders that belong in this broad category. Such syndromes are characterised by the presence of one or multiple chronic symptoms including widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disorders, and abdominal pain, amongst other issues. Symptoms are believed to relate to a complex interaction of biological and psychosocial factors, where a definite aetiology has not been established. Theories suggest causative pathways between the immune and nervous systems of affected individuals with several risk factors identified in patients presenting with one or more functional syndromes. Risk factors including stress and childhood trauma are now recognised as important contributors to chronic pain conditions. Emotional, physical, and sexual abuse during childhood is considered a severe stressor having a high prevalence in functional somatic syndrome suffers. Such trauma permanently alters the biological stress response of the suffers leading to neuroexcitatory and other nerve issues associated with chronic pain in adults. Traumatic and chronic stress results in epigenetic changes in stress response genes, which ultimately leads to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, the autonomic nervous system, and the immune system manifesting in a broad array of symptoms. Importantly, these systems are known to be dysregulated in patients suffering from functional somatic syndrome. Functional somatic syndromes are also highly prevalent co-morbidities of psychiatric conditions, mood disorders, and anxiety.
  • 359
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
NETosis in Disease Condition
Ischemic thrombotic disease, characterized by the formation of obstructive blood clots within arteries or veins, is a condition associated with life-threatening events, such as stroke, myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. The conventional therapeutic strategy relies on treatments with anticoagulants that unfortunately pose an inherent risk of bleeding complications. These anticoagulants primarily target clotting factors, often overlooking upstream events, including the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Neutrophils are integral components of the innate immune system, traditionally known for their role in combating pathogens through NET formation. Emerging evidence has now revealed that NETs contribute to a prothrombotic milieu by promoting platelet activation, increasing thrombin generation, and providing a scaffold for clot formation.
  • 209
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Neonatal Sepsis and Hemostasis
Neonatal sepsis is considered critical for a significant increase in neonatal morbidity and mortality among hospitalized neonates. Neonatal sepsis, in most cases, coexists with coagulopathy, which can prove to be life-threatening.
  • 368
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Processes and Dynamics and Healthy Ageing
Elderly citizens are concentrated in urban areas and are particularly affected by the immediate residential environment. Cities are unequal and segregated places, where there is an intensification of urban change processes such as gentrification and displacement. Since older adults spend most of their time in their nearby neighbourhood environment due to physical, emotional, and financial reasons, it is essential to understand how the neighbourhood environment affects this population's health. 
  • 444
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Neglected Human Systemic Mycoses Diagnosis
Systemic mycoses have been viewed as neglected diseases and they are responsible for deaths and disabilities around the world. Rapid, low-cost, simple, highly-specific and sensitive diagnostic tests are critical components of patient care, disease control and active surveillance. 
  • 350
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. The pathogenesis of NEC is not completely understood; however, intestinal immaturity and excessive immunoreactivity of intestinal mucosa to intraluminal microbes and nutrients appear to have critical roles. 
  • 456
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
NcRNAs in Human Diseases
The mammalian genome comprehends a small minority of genes that encode for proteins (barely 2% of the total genome in humans) and an immense majority of genes that are transcribed into RNA but not encoded for proteins (ncRNAs). These non-coding genes are intimately related to the expression regulation of protein-coding genes. The ncRNAs subtypes differ in their size, so there are long non-coding genes (lncRNAs) and other smaller ones, like microRNAs (miRNAs) and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). Due to their important role in the maintenance of cellular functioning, any deregulation of the expression profiles of these ncRNAs can dissemble in the development of different types of diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative, or cardiovascular disorders.
  • 574
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Nature’s Role in Outdoor Therapies
Outdoor therapies are intentional therapeutic processes that are (1) place-based, (2) feature active bodily engagement, and (3) recognize nature-human kinship. Significant variety exists in practice, from walk and talk therapy, to expedition-based wilderness therapy, to garden and animal-assisted therapies. These approaches have shown improvement across a wide range of social, emotional, physical, physiological, and psychological outcomes and populations.
  • 583
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Nature-Based Interventions for Adults with Developmental Disabilities
Autistic adults often face higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress and reduced levels of quality of life and employment in comparison to their neurotypical peers. Nature-based interventions (NBIs), which utilize outdoor environments and activities for health and wellbeing outcomes, could provide possibilities to meet these various needs.
  • 117
  • 18 Feb 2024
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