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Topic Review
allo-SCT and CAR-T in Lymphoid Neoplasms
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) represented the first immunotherapy to treat hematologic malignancies: it has been considered as a cure for the disease and never as an approach to extend the life of patients. The success of allo-SCT derives both from the ability to treat patients with intensive chemoradiotherapy and from the potent graft-versus-leukemia effects mediated by donor immunity. The treatment of hematologic malignancies, particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia and certain forms of lymphomas, has been revolutionized by the commercial introduction of genetically modified autologous T-lymphocyte therapy (CAR-T). 
  • 341
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Ankle Arthropathy in Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive bleeding disorder characterized by tissue overload of iron. Clinical systemic manifestations in HH include liver disease, cardiomyopathy, skin pigmentation, diabetes mellitus, erectile dysfunction, hypothyroidism, and arthropathy. Arthropathy with joint pain is frequently reported at diagnosis and mainly involves the metacarpophalangeal and ankle joints, and more rarely, the hip and knee. Symptoms in ankle joints are in most cases non-specific, and they can range from pain and swelling of the ankle to deformities and joint destruction. Furthermore, the main radiological signs do not differ from those of primary osteoarthritis (OA). Limited data are available in the literature regarding treatment; surgery seems to be the gold standard for ankle arthropathy in HH. 
  • 183
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Anti-CD20 Antibodies in the Management of B-Cell Lymphomas
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized the treatment of lymphomas by improving the survival of patients, particularly in conjunction with chemotherapy. Efforts to improve the on-targeting CD20 expressed on lymphomas through novel bioengineering techniques have led to the development of newer anti-CD20 mAbs that have accentuated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell medicated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and/or a direct killing effect.
  • 81
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Anticoagulatory and Procoagulatory Effects of Cannabinoids
Abnormal blood coagulation or coagulopathy is a common manifestation of many pathological conditions. It occurs when there is an imbalance between the activities of the coagulation system and the fibrinolytic system, leading to excessive or impaired intravascular blood clot formation, which can disturb blood flow causing ischemia or hemorrhage in the affected tissues. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated blood coagulation abnormalities in association with cannabinoid use, suggesting the involvement of the endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) in modulating blood coagulation. However, the evidence in the literature has been controversial on whether cannabinoids promote or inhibit blood coagulation. 
  • 779
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
AP-1 Transcription Factors in Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematologic malignancy characterized by the clonal expansion of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow. Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factors (TFs), comprised of the JUN, FOS, ATF and MAF multigene families, are implicated in a plethora of physiologic processes and tumorigenesis including plasma cell differentiation and MM pathogenesis. Depending on the genetic background, the tumor stage, and cues of the tumor microenvironment, specific dimeric AP-1 complexes are formed. For example, AP-1 complexes containing Fra-1, Fra-2 and B-ATF play central roles in the transcriptional control of B cell development and plasma cell differentiation, while dysregulation of AP-1 family members c-Maf, c-Jun, and JunB is associated with MM cell proliferation, survival, drug resistance, bone marrow angiogenesis, and bone disease. The present review article summarizes our up-to-date knowledge on the role of AP-1 family members in plasma cell differentiation and MM pathophysiology. Moreover, it discusses novel, rationally derived approaches to therapeutically target AP-1 TFs, including protein-protein and protein-DNA binding inhibitors, epigenetic modifiers and natural products.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Apoptosis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
More than 97% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) demonstrate genetic mutations leading to excessive proliferation combined with the evasion of regulated cell death (RCD). The most prominent and well-defined form of RCD is apoptosis, which serves as a defense mechanism against the emergence of cancer cells. Apoptosis is regulated in part by the BCL-2 family of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose balance can significantly determine cell survival. Apoptosis evasion plays a key role in tumorigenesis and drug resistance, and thus in the development and progression of AML. Research on the structural and biochemical aspects of apoptosis proteins and their regulators offers promise for new classes of targeted therapies and strategies for therapeutic intervention.
  • 798
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition where blood platelet count drops very low. This drop in platelet count can be attributed to many causes including medication, sepsis, viral infections, and autoimmunity. Clinically, the presence of thrombocytopenia might be very dangerous and is associated with poor outcomes of patients due to excessive bleeding if not addressed quickly enough. Hence, early detection and evaluation of thrombocytopenia is essential for rapid and appropriate intervention for these patients. Since artificial intelligence is able to combine and evaluate many linear and nonlinear variables simultaneously, it has shown great potential in its application in the early diagnosis, assessing the prognosis and predicting the distribution of patients with thrombocytopenia.
  • 293
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Haematology
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature cells of myeloid origin that have gained researchers’ attention, as they constitute promising biomarkers and targets for novel therapeutic strategies (i.e., blockage of development, differentiation, depletion, and deactivation) in several conditions, including neoplastic, autoimmune, infective, and inflammatory diseases, as well as pregnancy, obesity, and graft rejection. They are characterised in humans by the typical immunophenotype of CD11b+CD33+HLA-DR–/low and immune-modulating properties leading to decreased T-cell proliferation, induction of T-regulatory cells (T-regs), hindering of natural killer (NK) cell functionality, and macrophage M2-polarisation. The research in the field is challenging, as there are still difficulties in defining cell-surface markers and gating strategies that uniquely identify the different populations of MDSCs, and the currently available functional assays are highly demanding. There is evidence that MDSCs display altered frequency and/or functionality and could be targeted in immune-mediated and malignant haematologic diseases, although there is a large variability of techniques and results between different laboratories.
  • 334
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Aptamer-Mediated Precision Therapy for Hematologic Malignancy
Hematologic malignancies, including leukemia, lymphoma, myeloproliferative disorder and plasma cell neoplasia, are genetically heterogeneous and characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of their corresponding cell lineages in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, tissues or plasma. Although there are many types of therapeutic drugs available for the treatment of different malignancies, the relapse, drug resistance and severe side effects due to the lack of selectivity seriously limit their clinical application. Aptamers are ssDNA or RNA oligonucleotides that can also precisely deliver therapeutic agents into cancer cells through specifically recognizing the membrane protein on cancer cells, which is similar to the capabilities of monoclonal antibodies. Aptamers exhibit higher binding affinity, lower immunogenicity and higher thermal stability than antibodies.
  • 519
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Aptamers for Multiple Myeloma Precision Medicine
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a clonal B-cell neoplasm characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation and accumulation of malignant plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow. Aptamers are short oligonucleotide ligands that bind their targets with great affinity and specificity, and can be easily conjugated to different cargoes for their cell-specific delivery.
  • 452
  • 22 Nov 2022
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