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Topic Review
Reduce (Parallel Pattern)
Reduce is a collective communication primitive used in the context of a parallel programming model to combine multiple vectors into one, using an associative binary operator [math]\displaystyle{ \oplus }[/math]. Every vector is present at a distinct processor in the beginning. The goal of the primitive is to apply the operator in the order given by the processor-indices to the vectors until only one is left. The reduction of sets of elements is an integral part of programming models such as Map Reduce, where a function is applied (mapped) to all elements before they are reduced. Other parallel algorithms use reduce as a primary operation to solve more complex problems. The Message Passing Interface implements it in the operations MPI_Reduce and MPI_Allreduce, with the difference that the result is available at one (root) processing unit or all of them. Closely related to reduce is the broadcast operation, which distributes data to all processors. Many reduce algorithms can be used for broadcasting by reverting them and omitting the operator.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Minix 3
MINIX 3 is a small, Unix-like operating system. It is published under a BSD-3-Clause[lower-alpha 1] license and is a successor project to the earlier versions, MINIX 1 and 2. The project's main goal is for the system to be fault-tolerant by detecting and repairing its faults on the fly, with no user intervention. The main uses of the system are envisaged to be embedded systems and education. (As of 2017), MINIX 3 supports IA-32 and ARM architecture processors. It can also run on emulators or virtual machines, such as Bochs, VMware Workstation, Microsoft Virtual PC, Oracle VirtualBox, and QEMU. A port to PowerPC architecture is in development. The distribution comes on a live CD and does not support live USB installation. MINIX 3 is believed to have inspired the Intel Management Engine (ME) OS found in Intel's Platform Controller Hub, starting with the introduction of ME 11, which is used with Skylake and Kaby Lake processors. It was debated that MINIX could have been the most widely used OS on x86/AMD64 processors, with more installations than Microsoft Windows, Linux, or macOS, because of its use in the Intel ME. The project has been dormant since 2018, and the latest release is 3.4.0 rc6 from 2017, although the MINIX 3 discussion group is still active.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Mergers and Acquisitions by IBM
IBM has undergone a large number of mergers and acquisitions during a corporate history lasting over a century; the company has also produced a number of spinoffs during that time. The acquisition date listed is the date of the agreement between IBM and the subject of the acquisition. The value of each acquisition is listed in USD because IBM is based in the United States . If the value of an acquisition is not listed, then it is undisclosed. Many of the companies listed in this article had subsidiaries of their own who had subsidiaries who ... For examples, see Pugh's book Building IBM, page 26.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
WebRTC
WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication) is a free and open-source project providing web browsers and mobile applications with real-time communication (RTC) via application programming interfaces (APIs). It allows audio and video communication to work inside web pages by allowing direct peer-to-peer communication, eliminating the need to install plugins or download native apps. Supported by Apple, Google, Microsoft, Mozilla, and Opera, WebRTC specifications have been published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). According to the webrtc.org website, the purpose of the project is to "enable rich, high-quality RTC applications to be developed for the browser, mobile platforms, and IoT devices, and allow them all to communicate via a common set of protocols".
  • 994
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Clipboard (Computing)
The clipboard is a buffer that some operating systems provide for short-term storage and transfer within and between application programs. The clipboard is usually temporary and unnamed, and its contents reside in the computer's RAM. The clipboard provides an application programming interface by which programs can specify cut, copy and paste operations. It is left to the program to define methods for the user to command these operations, which may include keybindings and menu selections. When an element is copied or cut, the clipboard must store enough information to enable a sensible result no matter where the element is pasted. Application programs may extend the clipboard functions that the operating system provides. A clipboard manager may give the user additional control over the clipboard. Specific clipboard semantics vary among operating systems, can also vary between versions of the same system, and can sometimes be changed by programs and by user preferences. Windows, Linux and macOS support a single clipboard transaction.
  • 993
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Copy and Paste Programming
Copy-and-paste programming, sometimes referred to as just 'pasting', is the production of highly repetitive computer programming code, as produced by copy and paste operations. It is primarily a pejorative term; those who use the term are often implying a lack of programming competence. It may also be the result of technology limitations (e.g., an insufficiently expressive development environment) as subroutines or libraries would normally be used instead. However, there are occasions when copy and paste programming is considered acceptable or necessary, such as for boilerplate, loop unrolling (when not supported automatically by the compiler), or certain programming idioms, and it is supported by some source code editors in the form of snippets.
  • 978
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Years in Home Video
This page indexes the individual year in home video pages. Some years are annotated with a significant event as a reference point.
  • 968
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
ISO 29110
ISO/IEC 29110: Systems and Software Life Cycle Profiles and Guidelines for Very Small Entities (VSEs) International Standards (IS) and Technical Reports (TR) are targeted at Very Small Entities (VSEs). A Very Small Entity (VSE) is an enterprise, an organization, a department or a project having up to 25 people. The ISO/IEC 29110 is a series of international standards and guides entitled "Systems and Software Engineering — Lifecycle Profiles for Very Small Entities (VSEs)". The standards and technical reports were developed by working group 24 (WG24) of sub-committee 7 (SC7) of Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC1) of the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission. Industries around the world have agreed that there are certain ways of working that produce predictable results. Companies that agree to use these agreed methods and then to have their compliance measured are called ISO certificated. Some ISO-certificated organizations require that their vendors also be ISO certificated. The general standard for software development, ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207, is appropriate for medium and large software development efforts. Similarly, the general standard for system development, ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, is appropriate for medium and large system development efforts. Systems, in the context of ISO/IEC 29110, are typically composed of hardware and software components. Things work differently in small organisations; ISO 29110 reflects that.
  • 933
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review Video Peer Reviewed
Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Methods and Concepts
Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) is one of the main decision-making problems which aims to determine the best alternative by considering more than one criterion in the selection process. MCDM has manifold tools and methods that can be applied in different fields from finance to engineering design. This entry aims to provide a survey on the MCDM concept, its applications, main categories, and different methods. The final section provides manifold information and statistics on the published works in the MCDM fields. Some of the main methods are also listed in this section.
  • 912
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Bayesian Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models
Nonlinear mixed effects models have become a standard platform for analysis when data is in the form of continuous and repeated measurements of subjects from a population of interest, while temporal profiles of subjects commonly follow a nonlinear tendency. While frequentist analysis of nonlinear mixed effects models has a long history, Bayesian analysis of the models has received comparatively little attention until the late 1980s, primarily due to the time-consuming nature of Bayesian computation. Since the early 1990s, Bayesian approaches for the models began to emerge to leverage rapid developments in computing power, and have recently received significant attention due to (1) superiority to quantify the uncertainty of parameter estimation; (2) utility to incorporate prior knowledge into the models; and (3) flexibility to match exactly the increasing complexity of scientific research arising from diverse industrial and academic fields. 
  • 906
  • 23 Mar 2022
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