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Topic Review
Ventricular Fibrillation
A perennial task is to prevent the occurrence and/or recurrence of most frequent or life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). VF may be lethal in cases without an implantable cardioverter defibrillator or with failure of this device. Incidences of AF, even the asymptomatic ones, jeopardize the patient’s life due to its complication, notably the high risk of embolic stroke. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in subclinical AF screening and searching for novel electrophysiological and molecular markers. Considering the worldwide increase in cases of thyroid dysfunction and diseases, including thyroid carcinoma, we aimed to explore the implication of thyroid hormones in pro-arrhythmic signaling in the pathophysiological setting. The present review provides updated information about the impact of altered thyroid status on both the occurrence and recurrence of cardiac arrhythmias, predominantly AF. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of both thyroid status monitoring and AF screening in the general population, as well as in patients with thyroid dysfunction and malignancies. Real-world data on early AF identification in relation to thyroid function are scarce. Even though symptomatic AF is rare in patients with thyroid malignancies, who are under thyroid suppressive therapy, clinicians should be aware of potential interaction with asymptomatic AF. It may prevent adverse consequences and improve the quality of life. This issue may be challenging for an updated registry of AF in clinical practice. Thyroid hormones should be considered a biomarker for cardiac arrhythmias screening and their tailored management because of their multifaceted cellular actions.
  • 654
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Switching in Arteriogenesis
Vascular smooth muscle cells in the adult vasculature are not terminally differentiated cells. They possess extensive plasticity such that it can be stimulated to undergo a structural and functional transition into proliferative/migratory/synthetic phenotype or undergo an extreme phenotypic change into osteochondrocyte-like cells, foam-like cells, and myofibroblastsas detected in atherosclerotic lesions. Nevertheless, SMC plasticity enables de-differentiated SMCs to re-differentiate back to a quiescent and contractile state according to their microenvironment. SMCs are the predominant cell type in collateral arteries that restores blood flow after significant arterial occlusion in peripheral arterial disease patients. They respond to altered blood flow and inflammatory conditions after an arterial occlusion by switching their phenotype between quiescent contractile and proliferative synthetic states.
  • 410
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic metabolic disorder and the primary cause of cardiovascular diseases, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Initiated by endothelial cell stimulation, AS is characterized by arterial inflammation, lipid deposition, foam cell formation, and plaque development. Certain nutrients such as carotenoids, polyphenols, and vitamins can prevent the atherosclerotic process by modulating inflammation and metabolic disorders through the regulation of gene acetylation states, mediated with histone deacetylases (HDACs).
  • 332
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Vascular Complications Caused by Tibial Osteochondroma
Osteochondromas are the most common benign primary bone tumors in growing patients representing about 35–45% of all benign bone tumors. About 90% of these occur sporadically and are usually solitary. Osteochondromas occur most often around the knee (40%) and proximal tibial is affected in 15–20%. Vascular complications are rare and include vessel perforation and thrombosis, arterial thromboembolic events and pseudoaneurysm formation. 
  • 253
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Vascular Calcification
A variety of actively regulated processes on cellular and systemic level with various contributing and inhibiting factors can result in vascular calcification (VC). Currently, treatment is limited to management of risk factors including regulation of the calcium-phosphate metabolism. Due to the complex pathophysiology, the mechanisms underlying ectopic calcification are studied in various, distinctly different research models. Beside in vitro models using cells of different origin, ex vivo settings using aortic tissue are available. In addition, various in vivo disease-induced animal models are currently used in research. All of these experimental settings depict (patho)physiologic mechanisms within the vascular calcification process.
  • 822
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Various Microglial Receptors Interact with α-Synuclein
Synucleinopathies are a set of devastating neurodegenerative diseases that share a pathologic accumulation of the protein α-synuclein (α-syn). This accumulation causes neuronal death resulting in irreversible dementia, deteriorating motor symptoms, and devastating cognitive decline. α-Syn is an intrinsically disordered 140-amino acid protein consisting of an amphipathic N-terminus (residues 1–60), hydrophobic central region (residues 61–95), and acidic C-terminus (residues 86–140). Synucleinopathies are characterized by the accumulation of α-syn in the CNS. The structural form of the accumulation varies across different patients and different conditions. While the etiology of these conditions remains largely unknown, microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), have been consistently implicated in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies. Microglia are generally believed to be neuroprotective in the early stages of α-syn accumulation and contribute to further neurodegeneration in chronic disease states.
  • 197
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Vaccines in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a problem for women’s health globally. Early detection techniques come in a variety of forms ranging from local to systemic and from non-invasive to invasive. The treatment of cancer has always been challenging despite the availability of a wide range of therapeutics. This is either due to the variable behaviour and heterogeneity of the proliferating cells and/or the individual’s response towards the treatment applied. However, advancements in cancer biology and scientific technology have changed the course of the cancer treatment approach.
  • 172
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Vaccine Development against SARS-CoV-2
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been affecting the world since the end of 2019. The severity of the disease can range from an asymptomatic or mild course to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with respiratory failure, which may lead to death. Since the outbreak of the pandemic, scientists around the world have been studying the genome and molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection to develop effective therapies and prevention. In this review, we summarize the progressive development of various treatments and vaccines as they have emerged, a year after the outbreak of the pandemic. Initially for COVID-19, patients were recommended drugs with presumed antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects that were previously used to treat other diseases. Thereafter, therapeutic interventions were supplemented with promising approaches based on antibodies, peptides, and stem cells. 
  • 538
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Urinary Tract Infections and Microbiota
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) belong among the most common bacterial infections. They comprise the contamination of the periurethral space by specific uropathogens residing in the gut, followed by urethral colonization and pathogen ascension to the urinary bladder. Studying the association between gut microbiota and subsequent development of bacteriuria and UTI is of great interest and importance. Nevertheless, with discovering a multifaceted, symbiotic microbiome in the healthy urogenital tract, the well-established diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the urinary tract infections (UTIs) need to be re-assessed. Precisely, emerging data suggest that vaginal dysbiosis may result in Escherichia coli colonization and prompt recurrent UTIs. At the same time, urinary microbiome perturbations may precede UTIs' development and other pathologic conditions of the urinary system. Therefore, by the thoroughly assessment of specific gut, urinary tract, and genital tract microbiomes regarding their potential influence on UTI development, knowledge for the incidence reduction and new treatment approaches will be obtained.
  • 583
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Urinary Peptides in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Analysis of the urine samples was performed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). Peptide sequences were obtained and 31 specific peptide markers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were identified and further integrated into a multivariate classification model. The discovered urinary peptides offered a potential noninvasive tool for diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.  
  • 383
  • 25 Aug 2021
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