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Topic Review
Secondary Metabolites from the Genus Litophyton
Marine soft corals are prolific sources of various natural products that have served as a wealthy reservoir of diverse chemical scaffolds with potential as new drug leads. The genus Litophyton contains almost 100 species but only a small proportion of them has been chemically investigated, which calls for more attentions from global researchers.
  • 216
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Receptor Complexes Involving Dopamine Receptors
Dopamine (DA) is a catecholamine, that is, an ethylamine with an attached catechol group (a phenyl group with two hydroxyl groups in meta- and para positions). DA-producing neurons were first identified and mapped in animals by Dahlström and Fuxe in 1964, indicating the existence of neuronal circuits using DA as a neurotransmitter.
  • 221
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Exploitation and Benefits Derived from Bivalves
The windowpane oyster Placuna placenta lives in brackish coastal waters and has long been economically important to the Philippines because of its durable and translucent shell, which is used as a glass substitute and material for making windowpanes and handicrafts. There has been considerable degradation of the P. placenta fishery over the past. 
  • 797
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemical Biosensors for Animal Virus Detection
The detection of animal viruses remains a formidable scientific challenge, while concurrently presenting a profoundly consequential practical concern of considerable magnitude, necessitating the development of rapid, sensitive, specific, on-site, cost-effective, and user-friendly diagnostic assays.
  • 361
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bioactive Properties Reported from Marine Cyanobacteria
The ocean is a valuable natural resource that contains numerous biologically active compounds with various bioactivities. The marine environment comprises unexplored sources that can be utilized to isolate novel compounds with bioactive properties. Marine cyanobacteria are an excellent source of bioactive compounds that have applications in human health, biofuel, cosmetics, and bioremediation. These cyanobacteria exhibit bioactive properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-diabetic, anti-viral, antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-obesity effects, making them promising candidates for drug development.
  • 226
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Modern Research on Heavy Metal Toxicity
This entry analyzes the causes and consequences of apoptosis and oxidative stress that occur in mitochondria and cells exposed to the toxic effects of different valent heavy metals (Ag+, Tl+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Al3+, Ga3+, In3+, As3+, Sb3+, Cr6+, and U6+). Experiments with different cells and mitochondria showed that the heavy metals under review induced apoptosis characterized by caspase-3 and -9 activation, Bax and Bcl-2 expression, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. 
  • 327
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Detection of Pancreatic Cancer
The pancreas is a vital organ with exocrine and endocrine functions. Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas caused by alcohol consumption and gallstones. This condition can heighten the risk of pancreatic cancer (PC), a challenging disease with a high mortality rate. Genetic and epigenetic factors contribute significantly to PC development, along with other risk factors. Early detection is crucial for improving PC outcomes. Diagnostic methods, including imagining modalities and tissue biopsy, aid in the detection and analysis of PC. In contrast, liquid biopsy (LB) shows promise in early tumor detection by assessing biomarkers in bodily fluids. Understanding the function of the pancreas, associated diseases, risk factors, and available diagnostic methods is essential for effective management and early PC detection. The current clinical examination of PC is challenging due to its asymptomatic early stages and limitations of highly precise diagnostics. Screening is recommended for high-risk populations and individuals with potential benign tumors. Among various PC screening methods, the N-NOSE plus pancreas test stands out with its high AUC. Compared to other commercial products, the N-NOSE plus pancreas test offers a cost-effective solution for early detection. However, additional diagnostic tests are required for confirmation. Further research, validation, and the development of non-invasive screening methods and standardized scoring systems are crucial to enhance PC detection and improve patient outcomes. This review outlines the context of pancreatic cancer and the challenges for early detection.
  • 354
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Tuberculosis in Brief
Tuberculosis, often abbreviated as TB, is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also target other organs, leading to a wide range of symptoms and complications. TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing tiny respiratory droplets containing the bacteria, which can be inhaled by others. This ancient disease has a profound historical legacy, with evidence of TB infections dating back thousands of years. It is characterized by a persistent cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Left untreated, TB can be fatal. However, it can be cured and treated effectively with a combination of antibiotics over several months. TB remains a global health challenge, especially in low-income countries and among vulnerable populations. Efforts to combat TB include early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and public health measures to prevent its spread. Research and ongoing medical innovations play a critical role in the fight against this enduring public health threat.
  • 240
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
3D Cell Culture in Brief
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture represents a paradigm shift in cellular research. Unlike traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures, it offers a more physiologically relevant environment for studying cells and tissues. In 3D culture, cells grow within complex three-dimensional structures that mimic the architecture of living organs and tissues. This approach allows researchers to explore cell behavior, disease mechanisms, and drug responses with greater accuracy. Methods like hydrogels, spheroids, and bioprinting enable the creation of 3D models that faithfully replicate in vivo conditions. These models find applications in diverse fields, including cancer research, neuroscience, infectious diseases, drug development, and tissue engineering. By improving disease modeling, drug screening, and tissue regeneration, 3D cell culture is driving advancements in biomedical research and offering new avenues for understanding and treating diseases. While challenges remain, ongoing innovations in 3D culture techniques are poised to reshape the landscape of cellular research.
  • 263
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Polyphenols in Brief
Polyphenols, a diverse group of naturally occurring compounds in plant-based foods and beverages, are celebrated for their multifaceted roles in human health. These phytochemicals, characterized by their phenolic rings, encompass various subclasses, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and resveratrol, each with unique properties and dietary sources. They are renowned for their antioxidant capabilities, neutralizing harmful free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, potentially shielding cells and tissues from damage. Polyphenols also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, supporting the prevention of chronic diseases. Their potential cardiovascular benefits, neuroprotective properties, and role in cancer prevention have been widely investigated. However, navigating the world of polyphenols can be complex, as their bioavailability varies, and individual responses differ based on genetics and microbiota. Incorporating a diverse range of colorful fruits, vegetables, teas, nuts, and spices into your diet can provide a rich source of polyphenols, contributing to overall health and well-being.
  • 413
  • 11 Oct 2023
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