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Topic Review
Cell Cultures in the Autoimmune Connective Tissue Diseases
Cell cultures are an important part of the research and treatment of autoimmune connective tissue diseases. By culturing the various cell types involved in autoimmune connective tissue diseases (ACTDs), researchers are able to broaden the knowledge about these diseases that, in the near future, may lead to finding cures. Fibroblast cultures and chondrocyte cultures allow scientists to study the behavior, physiology and intracellular interactions of these cells.
  • 197
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Brain Endothelial Cell Glycocalyx in Enlarged Perivascular Spaces
The brain endothelial cell (BEC) glycocalyx (ecGCx) is a BEC surface coating consisting of a complex interwoven polysaccharide (sweet husk) mesh-like network of membrane-bound proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) covering the apical luminal layer of the brain endothelial cells. The ecGCx may be considered as the first barrier of a tripartite blood–brain barrier (BBB) consisting of (1) ecGCx; (2) BECs; and (3) an extravascular compartment of pericytes, the extracellular matrix, and perivascular astrocytes. Perturbations of this barrier allow for increased permeability in the postcapillary venule that will be permissive to both fluids, solutes, and proinflammatory peripherally derived leukocytes into the perivascular spaces (PVS) which result in enlargement as well as increased neuroinflammation. The ecGCx is known to have multiple functions, which include its physical and charge barrier, mechanical transduction, regulation of vascular permeability, modulation of inflammatory response, and anticoagulation functions.
  • 150
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Aptamer Technology for Direct Detection of Lyme Borrelia
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B. burgdorferi s.l.), which is predominantly spread by ticks, is the cause of Lyme disease (LD), also known as Lyme borreliosis, one of the zoonotic diseases affecting people. LD has become more prevalent worldwide, even in countries with no prior records. The aptamer is an advanced technology with the potential for Borrelia antigen detection. Notably, combining the latest technology with the aptamer could enhance test sensitivity and detection limits and reduce the time required to complete the assay. Furthermore, the test can function alone or complement the conventional serological test practiced in most laboratories. In summary, a fast and convenient assay may facilitate the diagnosis of the fever-like symptom possibly caused by Lyme Borrelia infection.
  • 272
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Impact of Human Activities on Zoonotic Infection Transmissions
As humans expand their territories across more and more regions of the planet, activities such as deforestation, urbanization, tourism, wildlife exploitation, and climate change can have drastic consequences for animal movements and animal–human interactions. These events, especially climate change, can also affect the arthropod vectors that are associated with the animals in these scenarios. As the COVID-19 pandemic and other various significant outbreaks throughout the centuries have demonstrated, when animal patterns and human interactions change, so does the exposure of humans to zoonotic pathogens potentially carried by wildlife.
  • 324
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Pathogenic Mechanisms of Endometriosis
Endometriosis (EMS), characterized by the presence of endometrial stromal and glandular tissue outside the uterine cavity, is a relatively common gynecologic disease affecting about 10% of women of reproductive age. While the symptoms of EMS can vary, clinical manifestations such as pelvic pain, heavy or irregular menstrual bleeding, and gastrointestinal symptoms are frequently observed. Apart from the physical discomfort, EMS has been well noticed in infertility.
  • 232
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Cell Membrane Damage and Repair
Endothelial cells are the crucial inner lining of blood vessels, which are pivotal in vascular homeostasis and integrity. However, these cells are perpetually subjected to a myriad of mechanical, chemical, and biological stresses that can compromise their plasma membranes. A sophisticated repair system involving key molecules, such as calcium, annexins, dysferlin, and MG53, is essential for maintaining endothelial viability. These components orchestrate complex mechanisms, including exocytosis and endocytosis, to repair membrane disruptions.
  • 347
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Animal Models of Visceral Sarcomas
Visceral sarcomas are a rare malignant subgroup of soft tissue sarcomas (STSs). STSs, accounting for 1% of all adult tumors, are derived from mesenchymal tissues and exhibit a wide heterogeneity. Their rarity and the high number of histotypes hinder the understanding of tumor development mechanisms and negatively influence clinical outcomes and treatment approaches.
  • 305
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Discovery and Optimization of Streptomyces Secondary Metabolite Production
Actinobacteria from the genus Streptomyces feature complex primary and secondary metabolism, developmental cycle, and ability to produce a variety of natural products. These soil bacteria are major producers of antibiotics and other bioactive compounds and have been extensively investigated due to the medical and industrial relevance of Streptomyces-derived secondary metabolites.
  • 175
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Ageing and Inflammation in Periodontium
Periodontitis is a ubiquitous chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the gradual destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, leading to periodontal pocket formation and gingival recession. Ageing is a primary risk factor for the development of periodontitis, exacerbating alveolar bone loss and leading to tooth loss in the geriatric population.
  • 242
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cancer Caused by E-Cigarettes
E-Cigarettes work by heating a liquid that usually contains nicotine, flavorings, and other chemicals. When the liquid is heated, users inhale an aerosol into their lungs. While e-cigarettes are generally considered less harmful than traditional tobacco products, they still contain potentially harmful chemicals, which can damage DNA and lead to cancer.
  • 193
  • 23 Nov 2023
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