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Topic Review
MMPs and MMP-8 in Periodontal Diseases
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of Ca2+ and Zn2+ dependent proteolytic enzymes, able to cleave the various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), as well as a range of other regulatory molecules. It has proven the important role of both MMPs and their endogenous inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), in oral health, the initial development of the tooth, and during enamel maturation.
  • 458
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Effectiveness of Lasers in Treating Oral Mucocele
Oral mucoceles are non-neoplastic cystic lesions of major and minor salivary glands that commonly occur in the oral cavity. All studies indicated successful clinical results on mucocele excision with better intra- and post-operative indicators. The general characteristics and outcomes were summarized, and the quality of the studies was assessed using CARE guidelines. The reduction or absence of pain and bleeding, hemostasis, reduced operating time, minimal analgesic consumption, and an antibacterial effect were among the advantages of laser irradiation in the included studies. The laser has proven itself to play an effective role in the treatment of oral mucocele in paediatric patients. 
  • 455
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Oral Infections on Systemic Health
Immunological mechanisms are known to affect the oral cavity with characteristic pathologic alterations. Infections in general have been suggested to trigger autoimmune diseases such as rheumatic diseases and diabetes and their oral microorganisms such as P. gingivalis may play a role. In The Stockholm Study, the prevalence of autoimmune diseases was investigated and 50 such patients were detected in the database.
  • 453
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Diode Lasers for Impacted Teeth Minimally-Invasive Exposure
The use of diode lasers for oral surgery soft tissue procedures is associated with less pain and bleeding, quick recovery, and better surgical site visibility.  For uncovering superficially impacted teeth with no overlying bone layer, the conventional surgical exposure and orthodontic traction often involve reflecting the surgical flap with a scalpel, releasing incisions apical to the adjacent teeth, and managing surgical site bleeding, pain, and postoperative swelling. The management of impacted teeth is time-consuming (two to three years) and expensive.
  • 452
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 and Oral Health
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak in Wuhan, China, was first reported to the China Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization (WHO), on 31 December 2019. These initial cases were linked to an animal wet market. The SARS-CoV-2 and its virulent variants cause coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is highly contagious and spreads rapidly. The WHO declared it a global emergency on 30 January 2020, and a global pandemic on 11 March 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 genome was identified to be 70–80% identical to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and several bat coronaviruses. The similarity between these coronaviruses suggests that the bat may be the natural host and potential reservoir for SARS-CoV-2, which may have been inadvertently transmitted to humans. SARS-CoV-2 transmits readily via droplet transmission; other modes of transmission may include aerosol and oral-fecal routes. It can also be transmitted via contact with infected surfaces and oral fluids. This puts dentists and healthcare professionals at risk of COVID-19 infections, and highlights dental and medical offices as a main risk setting for cross infection of patients and healthcare professionals. Mask, face shields, handwashing, and personal protective equipment (PPE) are currently used in dental and medical facilities for COVID-19 prevention consistent with CDC guidelines.
  • 452
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Local and Systemic Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative anaerobe, is a leading etiological agent in periodontitis. This infectious pathogen can induce a dysbiotic, proinflammatory state within the oral cavity by disrupting commensal interactions between the host and oral microbiota. It is advantageous for P. gingivalis to avoid complete host immunosuppression, as inflammation-induced tissue damage provides essential nutrients necessary for robust bacterial proliferation. When it gains access to circulation, P. gingivalis is able to infect a variety of cells, further triggering a variety of inflammatory and hemostatic responses. Among these is the activation of platelets and neutrophils. Neutrophil responses to P. gingivalis, particularly in the presence of activated platelets, include the release of strongly thrombogenic extracellular DNA traps (NETs). Consequently, this pathogen has the capacity not only to promote localized tissue destructiion of the gums but may also trigger some thromboinflammatory processes.
  • 446
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Oral Health Status in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Patients
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic disorders that affect the gastrointestinal tract, including the oral cavity. Both Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients have an increased odds of periodontitis coincidence compared to the controls. Moreover, in most studies, patients with IBD are characterized by higher values of caries indices. In conclusion, the risk of oral diseases in IBD patients cannot be clearly established due to the possible association of other factors, e.g., sociodemographic or environmental factors.
  • 438
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Periodontitis in Systemic Sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic, autoimmune, multisystemic disease characterized by aberrant extracellular matrix protein deposition and extreme progressive microvasculopathy. These processes lead to damage within the skin, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract, but also to facial changes with physiognomic and functional alterations, and dental and periodontal lesions. Orofacial manifestations are common in SSc but are frequently overshadowed by systemic complications. In clinical practice, oral manifestations of SSc are suboptimally addressed, while their management is not included in the general treatment recommendations. Periodontitis is associated with autoimmune-mediated systemic diseases, including systemic sclerosis. In periodontitis, the microbial subgingival biofilm induces host-mediated inflammation with subsequent tissue damage, periodontal attachment, and bone loss. When these diseases coexist, patients experience additive damage, increasing malnutrition, and morbidity. 
  • 437
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Microenvironment in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders
The microenvironment of Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) refers to the ecosystem that surrounds the potentially malignant cells. It is a complex structure comprised of cellular and non-cellular components. Cellular components include potentially malignant cells, normal epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. While the non-cellular environment is composed of molecules including cytokines and cell surface molecules, and structures such as blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. According to its multi-dimensional characteristics, the microenvironment can be categorized into the immune, metabolic, mechanical, and neural microenvironment. The microenvironment of OPMDs is closely related to carcinogenesis and cancer progression by regulating the immune response, cell metabolism, mechanical trait, and neural activity.  Meanwhile, it also undergoes extensive changes during the carcinogenesis of OPMDs and gradually develops into an immunosuppressive, acidic, and stiff one. In addition, there is a wide range of interactions among immuno–metabolic–mechanical–neural microenvironments, which regulate the carcinogenesis of OPMDs synergistically.
  • 436
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Wearing Bite-Aligning Mouthguards
The purpose of the present entry was to determine the acute effects of wearing bite-aligning mouthguards on muscle strength, power, agility and quickness in athletes. A search of the current literature was performed using the electronic databases (until 1 May 2021) Web of Science, Scopus and Medline. The inclusion criteria were: (1) descriptive design studies; (2) with randomized clinical trials; (3) examining the within-subject acute effects of wearing mouthguards on functional and neuromuscular performance parameters; (4) in physical active, recreational or highstandard athletes. Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Sixteen reported positive effects in some of the variables assessed, two reported negative effects and the rest found no significant differences. Overall, the main findings described in the literature are inconclusive concerning the neuromuscular advantages of using mouthguards in muscle strength, power, agility and quickness. These discrepancies might be related to several factors such as differences in testing protocols, poor control of the jaw magnitude and improper mouthguard designs. Despite these differences, after conducting the present systematic review, the authors speculate that jaw clenching while wearing custom-made, bite-aligning oral devices might promote beneficial effects in lower limb power actions, especially in jump ability and knee extension movements. Thus, athletes might consider the use of mouthguards, not only for their protective role but also for the potential ergogenic effects in specific actions, mainly those for which lower limb muscular power are required.
  • 435
  • 21 Jul 2021
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