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Topic Review
Water-Soluble Organic Aerosols
Water-soluble organic aerosols (OA) are an important component of atmospheric particulate matter and one of the key drivers that impact both climate and human health. Understanding these processes involving water-soluble OA depends on how well the chemical composition of this aerosol component is decoded. Yet, obtaining such a detailed chemical information faces several challenges, of which the complexity of the sample matrix is one of the most demanding issues. A number of different advanced multidimensional analytical techniques are available today with the potential to tackel the complex chemical nature of water-soluble OA, allowing the untargeted profilling of new chemical structures without the need for use of databases or libraries. This critical review is aimed at nonspecialists who are interested in learning more about the potential and impact of such multidimensional non-targeted analytical strategies in water-soluble OA research.
  • 932
  • 19 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Water-Saving Agricultural Technologies
Increasing food demand has exerted tremendous stress on agricultural water usages worldwide, often with a threat to sustainability in agricultural production and, hence, food security. Various resource-conservation technologies like conservation agriculture (CA) and water-saving measures are being increasingly adopted to overcome these problems. While these technologies provide some short- and long-term benefits of reduced labor costs, stabilized or increased crop yield, increased water productivity, and improved soil health at farm scale, their overall impacts on hydrology outcomes remain unclear at larger temporal and spatial scales. Although directly linked to the regional hydrological cycle, irrigation remains a less understood component. The ecological conditions arising from the hydrology outcomes of resource-conservation technologies are associated with sustainability in agricultural production.
  • 2.2K
  • 22 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Water-Energy Nexus in Africa
The operationalization of the Water-Energy Nexus in the water supply is gaining  a lot of attention among water utilities, water regulators and stakeholders in the water sector. This is due to the growing body of evidence on the potential benefits of exploration of potential energy savings in the supply of water services, as the largest controllable operational input with short payback periods on investment. As population grows, high urbanization and the demand for water services increases especially in Africa, water utilities are faced with the challenges of meeting the current demand and expansion of services. However, there is paucity in the assessment of energy input for water supply and energy use is not considered as a key performance indicator for water utilities. Yet, accrued benefits from scrutinizing energy input in the water sector provides potential benefits of savings, revenue recovery and expansion of water services.
  • 555
  • 20 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Water Treatment Residues and Methanogenic Activity in Wastewater-Sludge
The effect of adding alum water treatment residues (WTR) on the methanogenic activity in the digestion of primary domestic wastewater sludge was evaluated through laboratory experiments in sedimentation columns, using total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations from 0.37 to 1.23 g/L. The addition of WTR to primary clarifiers can benefit its effluent water quality in terms of colour, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and TSS. However, the presence of WTR can negatively influence the production of methane gas during organic sludge digestion in primary clarifiers, for concentrations of TSS between 14.43 and 25.23 g/L and of VSS between 10.2 and 11.85 g/L. The activity of the Methanothrix sp., curved bacilli, methanococci, and Methanosarcina sp. decreases considerably after 16 days of anaerobic digestion, and methane production seems to only be associated with fluorescent methanogenic bacilli.
  • 678
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Water Treatment Plant Sludge Dewatering
Using geotextile tubes as dewatering technology may significantly contribute to sustainable treatment of sludge generated in different industries, such as the water industry. This is an economical alternative for dewatering sludge from a Water Treatment Plant (WTP), which prevents sludge from being directly deposited in water bodies and makes it possible to then transfer the sludge to landfills. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Water Stress and Water Footprint
Physical water stress and scarcity are often used interchangeably, or the exact nature of the underlying data is not clearly defined or justified (e.g., water use versus consumption versus withdrawal). A number of authors have noted that there is no widely accepted definition for physical water stress and scarcity.   Comparing different definitions of water stress and scarcity, they seem to be converging on the definition given by the CEO Water Mandate (A NGO affiliated with the United Nations), who defines water scarcity as lack of physical abundance of freshwater resources without considering whether water is suitable for use, and water stress as lack of ability to meet human and ecological demand for freshwater, in terms of water quantity and quality and accessibility to water.
  • 705
  • 01 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Water Resilience
Analyze from a holistic and comprehensive perspective the water resource in the water cycle context and its relationships in the various environments for the strategic approach to resilience as a way to sustainability.
  • 780
  • 03 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Water Literacy
Water literacy may be considered generally as the culmination of water-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors.  It holds growing importance for sustainable water resource use and management.  While use and definitions of the concept of water literacy vary broadly in the literature, the synthesis of these identifies common elements and themes in a holistic framework.
  • 7.8K
  • 03 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Water Land Resources Degradation Index
Natural resources are gradually coming under continuous and increasing pressure due to anthropogenic interventions and climate variabilities. The result of these pressures is reflected in the sustainability of natural resources. Significant scientific efforts during the recent years focus on mitigating the effects of these pressures and on increasing the sustainability of natural resources. Hence, there is a need to develop specific indices and indicators that will reveal the areas having the highest risks. The Water and Land Resources Degradation Index (WLDI) was developed for this purpose. WLDI consists of eleven indicators and its outcome results from the spatiotemporal performance of these indicators. The WLDI is based on the Standardized Drought Vulnerability Index (SDVI) and the Environmentally Sensitive Areas Index (ESAI). 
  • 846
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Water Footprint of Forest and Orchard Trees
The measurement of water consumption by trees is fundamental for detecting potential opportunities to mitigate water resource depletion. The water footprint (WF) is a tool to address the environmental effects related to water use, identifying ways to reduce overall water consumption.
  • 350
  • 19 Sep 2022
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