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Topic Review
Wastewater Treatment Processes
Wastewater generated from various industrial sectors contains micropollutants, nutrients (nitrogen, sulfur, copper, phosphorus), carbon-based pollutants (antibiotics, aromatic hydrocarbons, biocides, phenolic compounds, and surfactants etc.) and heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury nickel, lead, and zinc) . 
  • 814
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Wastewater Treatment Using Constructed Wetland
Constructed wetlands (CW) is an environmentally friendly technique for removing pollutants from wastewater and has been applied to municipal wastewater, petroleum refinery wastewater, agriculture drainage, acid mine drainage, etc.
  • 769
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Water Footprint
The water footprint (WF) is a widely recognised and comprehensive indicator of both the direct and indirect appropriation of freshwater. It has been utilised for diverse functions, including as a key indicator of the planetary boundaries and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. (draft for definition)
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Water Footprint of Food Production
Blue water footprint - the volume of fresh surface and groundwater that has been evaporated or incorporated into a product. Green water footprint - the rainwater that is stored in the root zone of the soil and evapotranspired or incorporated into the product. Unsustainable blue water footprint - when it exceeds the available renewable blue water, thereby violating the environmental flow standard and depleting groundwater Water footprint - an indicator of the direct and indirect water use to produce the goods and services we use.
  • 884
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Water Footprint of Forest and Orchard Trees
The measurement of water consumption by trees is fundamental for detecting potential opportunities to mitigate water resource depletion. The water footprint (WF) is a tool to address the environmental effects related to water use, identifying ways to reduce overall water consumption.
  • 439
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Water Land Resources Degradation Index
Natural resources are gradually coming under continuous and increasing pressure due to anthropogenic interventions and climate variabilities. The result of these pressures is reflected in the sustainability of natural resources. Significant scientific efforts during the recent years focus on mitigating the effects of these pressures and on increasing the sustainability of natural resources. Hence, there is a need to develop specific indices and indicators that will reveal the areas having the highest risks. The Water and Land Resources Degradation Index (WLDI) was developed for this purpose. WLDI consists of eleven indicators and its outcome results from the spatiotemporal performance of these indicators. The WLDI is based on the Standardized Drought Vulnerability Index (SDVI) and the Environmentally Sensitive Areas Index (ESAI). 
  • 997
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Water Literacy
Water literacy may be considered generally as the culmination of water-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors.  It holds growing importance for sustainable water resource use and management.  While use and definitions of the concept of water literacy vary broadly in the literature, the synthesis of these identifies common elements and themes in a holistic framework.
  • 8.8K
  • 03 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Water Mills
The reuse of built agricultural/industrial heritage has been a common practice worldwide. These structures represent excellent symbols of the great agricultural/industrial past. These agricultural/hydro-technologies also serve as monuments of socio-cultural identities, especially in rural areas and on small farms. One example of a successful application of agricultural technologies for small farms is the water mill. By harnessing the water energy, they were used for traditional flour and other goods production (e.g., olive oil) and works requiring energy, with the main role in the evolution of the traditional/cultural landscape. Water mills have been used to drive a mechanical process of milling, hammering, and rolling and are a portion of the agricultural, cultural, and industrial heritage.
  • 18.1K
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Water Pollution and Agriculture Pesticide
The agricultural industry uses substantial amounts of water (the highest in the world) mostly for irrigation purposes. Rapid population growth and, consequently, growing demand for food have increased the use of pesticide to have higher yield for crops and other agricultural products. Wastewater generated as a result of excessive use of pesticides/herbicides in agricultural industry is becoming a global issue specifically in developing countries. Over 4,000,000 tons of pesticides are currently used in the world annually and high concentrations above their threshold limits have been detected in water bodies worldwide. The generated wastewater (contaminated with pesticides) has negative impacts on human health, the ecosystem, and the aquatic environment. Biodegradable and biocompatible (including plant-based) pesticides have been introduced as green and safe products to reduce/eliminate the negative impacts of synthetic pesticides.
  • 821
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Water Quality and Life Expectancy
Since ancient times, the need for healthy water has resulted in the development of various kinds of water supply systems. From early history, civilizations have developed water purification devices and treatment methods. The necessity for fresh water has influenced individual lives as well as communities and societies.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Mar 2021
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