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Topic Review
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Shipping
Recent years have seen growing interest among governments, practitioners and researchers towards measures and initiatives aimed to increase the environmental performance of international shipping. Main drivers of this "green revolution" are identifiable in the need to meet internationally agreed emissions targets but also in financial issues and external pressures due to increasing awareness on climate change and environmental preservation. In April 2018, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) agreed on the Initial IMO Strategy to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the shipping sector. The Strategy includes a target to “reduce the total annual GHG emissions by at least 50 per cent by 2050 from 2008 levels whilst pursuing efforts towards phasing them out”. Being able to meet the ambitious decarbonization IMO’s targets is one of the major challenges the maritime industry has to face in decades. This contribution lists the most popular GHG emission reduction measures the shipping industry can adopt to try to cope with the new IMO's GHG requirements.
  • 808
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
NOx Emission Reduction and Recovery
Since its first confirmed case at the end of 2019, COVID-19 has become a global pandemic in three months with more than 1.4 million confirmed cases worldwide, as of early April 2020. Quantifying the changes of pollutant emissions due to COVID-19 and associated governmental control measures is crucial to understand its impacts on economy, air pollution, and society. We used the WRF-GC model and the tropospheric NO2 column observations retrieved by the TROPOMI instrument to derive the top-down NOx emission change estimation between the three periods: P1 (January 1st to January 22nd, 2020), P2 (January 23rd, Wuhan lockdown, to February 9th, 2020), and P3 (February 10th, back-to-work day, to March 12th, 2020). We found that NOx emissions in East China averaged during P2 decreased by 50% compared to those averaged during P1. The NOx emissions averaged during P3 increased by 26% compared to those during P2. Most provinces in East China gradually regained some of their NOx emissions after February 10, the official back-to-work day, but NOx emissions in most provinces have not yet to return to their previous levels in early January. NOx emissions in Wuhan, the first epicenter of COVID-19, had no sign of emission recovering by March 12. A few provinces, such as Zhejiang and Shanxi, have recovered fast, with their averaged NOx emissions during P3 almost back to pre-lockdown levels.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Looking for Metropolitan ecological area
       Compact housing structures located in city centers are considered to be the most energy and environmentally effective, mainly due to the access to services, transport networks and municipal infrastructures. There is the question how to look for metropolitan ecologacl areas and why so many of the acknowledged ecological housing complexes are located on the outskirts of cities or suburbs and . Numerous cities decide to introduce strategies either to densify city centers, hoping to improve energy efficiency. The Tricity Metropolitan Area is a special case undergoing dynamic transformation, and its development overlaps with the processes of both planned densification of the center as well as uncontrolled suburbanization.  The goal  was to find the correlation between optimal location of an eco-district from the functional center of the Tricity Metropolitan Area, allowing for the most favorable energy and environmental parameters related both to the architectural and urban scale. The research was conducted in four different scenarios, concerning present and future development. In these scenarios, specific locations were examined, and the following were compared: total energy consumption, ecological footprint and CO2 lifecycle emissions. This study showed the possibility for suburban housing complexes with appropriate parameters in an edge city model to have the same or better results than complexes situated closer to the functional center of the city. This is mainly due to the building’s energy efficiency, sustainable mobility, municipal infrastructure and relevant service access. The research proves the importance of implementing sustainable energy-saving and environmentally oriented activities at both an architectural and urban scale planning process.
  • 812
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Remote Sensing in Coastal Areas
Coastal areas are regions of remarkable relevance for humans, providing essential components for social and economic development from the local to the national scale. To preserve the economic and ecological sustainability of the coastal environment, the scientific community has been pushing for the use of integrated observation systems aimed at monitoring such susceptible areas. Remote sensing data can complement traditional field measurements, ensuring almost continuous synoptic coverage with a good trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution, thus allowing for a timely characterization of coastal environment dynamics. In particular, the availability of a multi-temporal historical series of remote sensing data can provide useful information on the spatiotemporal variability of hydrological (sea surface currents, river runoff/discharge), biological (phytoplankton blooms, primary productivity) and physical (temperature, salinity, and turbidity) properties of coastal waters as well as on human-induced land cover mutations (deforestation, surface urban islands).  This Special Issue seeks to collect high-quality papers focused on satellite-based applications for monitoring coastal areas, continental shelves and estuarine ecosystems.
  • 728
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Pyrolysis of Technogenic-Redeposited Coal-Bearing Rocks
Hydrocarbon products formed under high-temperature and low-temperature pyrolysis of coal-bearing rocks were studied by using a chromatography-mass spectrometer GCMS-QP2010NC Plus (made by Shimadzu Company). The average temperature of low-temperature natural pyrolysis does not exceed 120°C, and its average speed is approximately 2 m/year. In this case, three pyrolysis zones gradually built metamorphic rock mass (from bottom to top) are clearly established: heating (focal) activated and enriched. The average temperature of high-temperature pyrolysis reaches 850°C, and its average speed is approximately 20 m/year. Unlike low-temperature pyrolysis, high-temperature pyrolysis is accompanied by the presence of two major zones (from bottom to top): pyrogenic (focal) and enriched (coke). The chemical composition of the enriched pyrolysis zone was studied in detail. It has been established that hydrocarbon compounds in samples of the pyrolysis zone are presented by six classes: asphaltic-resinous substances; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds, organic sulphur compounds; pyrolytic hydrocarbon and heavy hydrocarbon residue. Quantitative content of hydrocarbon compounds in the analyzed samples varies from 0.35% to 41.88%.   Based on the materials of fieldwork, we created a video film that can be seen on the website https://youtu.be/Tqs6YiKfDdE
  • 968
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Bradoriids and the Cambrian Diversification
Bradoriids, among the earliest arthropods to appear in the fossil record, are extinct, ostracod-like bivalved forms that ranged from the early Cambrian to the Middle Ordovician. Bradoriids are notable for having appeared in the Cambrian fossil record before the earliest trilobites, and considering their rapid ascent to high genus-level diversity, provide key data for our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of the Cambrian Explosion. This paper presents a broad review of bradoriid paleobiology. 
  • 916
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Process-oriented mining method for marine abnormal variation
Marine anomaly variations (MAVs) refers to an abnormal decrease or increase of marine environmental parameters, which covers a specified spatial domain and lasts for a specified temporal duration, e.g., the monthly mean variation of sea surface temperature and the seasonal variation of sea surface height. These variations have evolution properties from production through development to death, which plays a significant role on exploring the evolution mechanism of marine environment and the mechanism. As few considering temporal evolution relationship, traditional spatiotemporal mining methods have great challenges in analyzing these MAVs. Thus, this paper takes the process semantics of MAVs to design the process-oriented mining workflow, and to explore the spatiotemporal patterns of MAVs.
  • 842
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
LCM Model
Cellular Automata-Markov chain (CA-Markov) model is a general method that has been widely used to predict LUCC. However, the process of this treditional model is subjective and stochastic, which makes it's modeling capacity limited. For precisely detecting the LUCC and their driving factors, we introduced the Logistic regression method to integrate with the treditional CA-Markov model (Logistic-CA-Markov model, LCM), to improve the preformance of modeling LUCC. This model would hopefully provide theoretical instructions for future land use planning and management, as well as a new methodology reference for LUCC analysis.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Greenery Systems
Urbanization, when it is not planned carefully, are highly effecting the urban heat island. To mitigate the problem, urbanization planning must take into consideration the implementation of greenery systems and sustainable ecosystems for buildings as part of the solution in addition to the outer space. The mitigation techniques that are influencing the urban heat index may be the greenery systems applied on buildings, or urban green spaces that include large land and large scale systems, such as lakes and parks. The objective of the current article is to compile, discusses and compare the previous studies on greenery systems, like green roofs and green walls, how they are supporting the energy saving and improve thermal conditions in the building sector, as well as improving the urban heat index. The fundamental  of greenery systems, which are thermal insulation, evapotranspiration, and shading effect, are also discussed. The benefits of greenery systems are including the improvement of stormwater management,  improvement of air quality, the reduction of sound pollution, the reduction of carbon dioxide, and the improvement of aesthetic building value. 
  • 4.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Gas Emissions from Arctic Permafrost
The active emission of gas (mainly methane) from terrestrial and subsea permafrost in the Russian Arctic has been confirmed by ample evidence. A generalization and some systematization of gas manifestations recorded in the Russian Arctic is carried out. The published data on most typical gas emission cases have been summarized in a table and illustrated by a map. All events of onshore and shelf gas release are divided into natural and man-caused and the natural ones are further classified as venting from lakes or explosive emissions in dryland conditions that produce craters on the surface. a description of the observed man-caused gas manifestations associated with the drilling of geotechnical and production wells in the Arctic region is given.
  • 729
  • 29 Oct 2020
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