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Topic Review
Left-Wing Market Anarchism
Left-wing market anarchism is a strand of free-market anarchism and an individualist anarchist, left-libertarian and libertarian socialist political philosophy and market socialist economic theory stressing the value of radically free markets, termed freed markets to distinguish them from the common conception which these libertarians believe to be riddled with statist and capitalist privileges. Proponents of this approach distinguish themselves from right-libertarians and strongly affirm the classical liberal ideas of self-ownership and free markets while maintaining that taken to their logical conclusions these ideas support anti-capitalist, anti-corporatist, anti-hierarchical and pro-labor positions in economics; anti-imperialism in foreign policy; and thoroughly radical views regarding socio-cultural issues. Key theorists in this area include contemporary scholars such as Kevin Carson, Gary Chartier, Charles W. Johnson, Roderick T. Long, Chris Matthew Sciabarra, Ryan Neugebauer, Sheldon Richman and Brad Spangler. The genealogy of left-wing market anarchism, sometimes labeled market-oriented or free-market left-libertarianism, overlaps to a significant degree with that of Steiner–Vallentyne left-libertarianism as the roots of that tradition are sketched in the book The Origins of Left-Libertarianism. Carson–Long-style left-libertarianism is rooted in 19th-century mutualism and in the work of figures such as Thomas Hodgskin, French Liberal School thinkers such as Gustave de Molinari and American individualist anarchists such as Benjamin Tucker and Lysander Spooner, among others. Several left-wing market anarchists who come from the left-Rothbardian school or tradition cite Murray Rothbard's homestead principle with approval to support worker cooperatives. While with notable exceptions libertarians in the United States after the heyday of individualist anarchism tended to ally with the political right, relationships between such libertarians and the New Left thrived in the 1960s, laying the groundwork for modern left-wing market anarchism. Left-wing market anarchism identifies with left-libertarianism, a position which names several related yet distinct approaches to politics, society, culture and political and social theory, stressing both individual freedom and social justice. Unlike right-libertarians, left-libertarians believe that neither claiming nor mixing one's labor with natural resources is enough to generate full private property rights and maintain that all natural resources such as land, oil and gold ought to be held in some egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively. Those left-libertarians who support private property do so under different property norms and theories, or under the condition that recompense is offered to the local or global community.
  • 4.4K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Least Developed Countries
The Least Developed Countries (LDCs) is a list of developing countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 (XXVI) of 18 November 1971. A country is classified among the Least Developed Countries if it meets three criteria: (1) Poverty – adjustable criterion based on GNI per capita averaged over three years. (As of 2018) a country must have GNI per capita less than United States dollar 1,025 to be included on the list, and over $1,230 to graduate from it. (2) Human resource weakness (based on indicators of nutrition, health, education and adult literacy). (3) Economic vulnerability (based on instability of agricultural production, instability of exports of goods and services, economic importance of non-traditional activities, merchandise export concentration, handicap of economic smallness, and the percentage of population displaced by natural disasters). As of 2018, 47 countries are classified as LDC, while five have been upgraded between 1994 and 2017. The WTO recognizes the UN list of LDCs in toto. 
  • 779
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Lean Management and Lean Accounting
The concept of "lean," as a production management concept, was popularized under the term "lean manufacturing", in works aimed at introducing the ideas of Japanese vehicle manufacturers, particularly the Toyota Production System (TPS). The concept of lean orientation extended beyond the realm of production and started being implemented in various other spheres of operation (such as trade and administration), resulting in the emergence of lean management principles.
  • 502
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Lean 4.0 for Industry 4.0
Lean 4.0 (L4.0) is a transformed form of traditional lean to suit Industry 4.0’s (I4.0) requirements. The L4.0 has a great deal of potential to match the I4.0’s challenges in terms of speed, dynamics, and efficacy once it has been digitalized.
  • 289
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Leadership towards Sustainability
Leadership and sustainability have been researched and examined concurrently. There is considerable knowledge regarding sustainable, sustainability, and environmental leadership as separate areas of research and as effective leadership styles that facilitate the achievement of sustainability outcomes. While these research streams have developed alongside each other, there is limited knowledge about the similarities and differences between each of these three leadership approaches.
  • 245
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Leadership Style and Firm Growth
Leadership is generally viewed as a social influence process whereby a leader attempts to influence the activities of individuals and groups to meet set objectives. Firm growth is a significant indicator of company performance and business success and is at the core of entrepreneurship. It is important to understand the leadership styles that induce or influence the growth of Fintech start-ups.
  • 255
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Leadership Roles for Sustainable Development
Leadership roles of individuals and institutions, especially at the local level, are imperative for sustainable development. However, research on sustainability education has neglected to incorporate entrepreneurial skills into other relevant capabilities such as foresight, complex problem solving, and interdisciplinarity approaches, although possible convergences between sustainability education and entrepreneurship education have been addressed by researchers Therefore, several ways of leadership, such as transformative, behavior, and/or collective leadership, etc., especially in the hospitality industry, have been observed, and these leadership practices required appropriate integration of all aspects related to the hospitality industry to promote green tourism. However, inadequate integration between quantitative methods and community-engaged social sciences and humanities approaches, inadequate engagement with social movements and grassroots activism, as well as some important gaps in the theorization of the commodification of nature are the challenges of sustainability leadership in the hospitality industry. Moreover, barriers related to the novelty of Sustainable Product–Service Systems models require new attitudes to small companies, including changing mindsets from product ownership to use. Green practices in hotels are the important environmental management approaches of the hospitability industry. The green practices contribute to mitigating the impact of climate change via reducing carbon emission and fostering global sustainability in line with the COP (Conference of Parties) 21 Paris Agreement of the United Nation’s sustainable development goals (SDGs) in 2015.
  • 698
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Leadership
Leadership is both a research area and a practical skill encompassing the ability of an individual or organization to "lead" or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations. Specialist literature debates various viewpoints, contrasting Eastern and Western approaches to leadership, and also (within the West) United States versus European approaches. U.S. academic environments define leadership as "a process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task". Leadership seen from a European and non-academic perspective encompasses a view of a leader who can be moved not only by communitarian goals but also, as the European researcher Daniele Trevisani sugggests, by the search for personal power. Studies of leadership have produced theories involving traits, situational interaction, function, behavior, power, vision and values, charisma, and intelligence, among others.
  • 2.9K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Leaders’ Challenges in COVID-19 and Telework
The world was taken by surprise in early 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic emerged as a health crisis. The impact on companies was overwhelming and managers were faced with crisis management. To keep operations running, services and sales were shifted to online platforms. As a result, millions of employees worldwide had to adapt to working from home or teleworking. Due to the introduction of lockdown and social distancing, teleworkers had to swiftly and with little to no planning adapt to a new method of working, which was unprecedented. It is unlikely that firms will completely return to their pre-pandemic working norms, even though the long-term repercussions of this dramatic transition are still unknown. Many professionals anticipate that remote or hybrid work will be common in future workplaces.
  • 200
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Leader—Member Exchange (LMX) Theory
The LMX theory was first described as “Vertical Dyad Linkage” (VDL). Graen and Uhl-Bien (1995) argued that the LMX theory consists of four stages, wherein each stage is related to and builds upon the previous stages. Leader–member exchange (LMX) theorists argue that leaders in the organization should give more responsibility to their followers, delegate powers, support the sharing of work-related knowledge, and allow participation in decision-making processes. LMX theory is a psychological process variable and plays an intermediary role between transformational leadership and knowledge management. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Sep 2021
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