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Topic Review
Smart and Sustainable Cities (SSC)
The concept of SC, which was launched about 20 years ago, significantly influenced the city managers and paved the way for the transformation of cities to achieve their sustainability. More than 40 definitions and 30 conceptual models were proposed to clarify the term “smart city” that differ from each other due to the different perspectives and approaches developed for its modeling and design. Many SC definitions emphasize the use of ICT to effectively combine resources to make the city more interconnected, smart and viable, while some other sustainability oriented definitions focus on combining soft infrastructure (i.e., people, knowledge, communities, business processes, etc.) and the hard infrastructure (i.e., ICTs, buildings, city facilities, etc.) to provide a viable, efficient and sustainable city. In the latter case, the term SSC is often used instead of the term SC. Reference considers a smart (sustainable) city as an innovative city that exploits ICTs and other means, with the purpose of improving the quality of life, the efficiency of urban services and operation and competitiveness, while ensuring the needs of present and future generations regarding economic, social and environmental aspects. The improvement of the quality of life and the economy, the development of efficient urban infrastructure, ensuring social inclusion, sustainable management and conservation of natural resources and ensuring good governance are the main goals of SC. According to the conceptual model of, the SC ecosystem consists of six dimensions, which are: (i) smart economy, (ii) smart governance, (iii) smart environment, (iv) smart people, (v) smart mobility and (vi) smart living.
  • 879
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
E-Cigarette Industrial Clusters in Shenzhen
As an emerging industry, e-cigarettes have been greatly prosperous globally in recent years. In China, Shenzhen is the center of e-cigarette production, and a complete business ecosystem has been built at this point. 
  • 877
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Competency-Based Performance Management
Performance management is about achieving results in a manner that is consistent with organizational expectations. Integrating competencies within the performance management process supports the provision of feedback to employees not only on "what" they have accomplished (i.e., performance goals), but also "how" the work was performed, using competencies for providing feedback. Assessing competencies as a part of performance management is an important means of assisting employees in understanding performance expectations and enhancing competencies. Multi-source feedback, while not an HR application per se, is a method that is often used in performance management to assess and provide employees with feedback on "how" they performed their work (i.e., their demonstration of the competencies).competency
  • 876
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Digital Economy and Sustainability
The digital economy is defined as the global network of economic activities, professional interactions, and commercial exchanges facilitated by information and communication technologies (ICT). It indicates the world’s transition to the fourth industrial revolution. Technologies such as big data and analytics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, cloud computing, and virtual reality are changing the business landscape. The technologies that characterize the digital economy contribute to sustainable development, providing innovations that help improve people’s standard of living and providing advanced techniques to protect the planet, ensuring organizational profitability.
  • 875
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Safety Leadership
Safety leadership is a process where the leader, through interaction with followers, tries to achieve safety standards set by the organization, increases safety awareness, and encourages safe behaviour.
  • 875
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Means Test
A means test is a determination of whether an individual or family is eligible for government assistance or welfare, based upon whether the individual or family possesses the means to do without that help.
  • 874
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ownership of Organization Behavior
Ownership of organization behavior (OOB) is that the psychological influence of the tour leader will affect their behavior, and the psychological consequences of the tour leader will be affected by experience (such as seniority of the team leader or number of tour groups).
  • 874
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Bio-Pharmaceutical Industry Outbound Open Innovation
The nature of the bio-pharmaceutical industry is innovation as the main driving force behind its growth. To overcome the challenges that the industry has been facing for several years and to inflect stagnating Research and development (R&D) productivity, bio-pharmaceutical companies started to disclose their R&D results to external innovation [1]. The bio-pharmaceutical industry has distinguished features that make it a fertile ground for adopting open innovation and for studying its managerial and organizational implications. Due to the high risk in development process, the bio-pharmaceutical industry has transformed itself into an open innovation framework in order to overcome economic risk.
  • 874
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Corporate Governance in Investment Efficiency, Financial Information Disclosure
Corporate governance minimizes the conflicting interests between internal and external stakeholders and shareholders. The corporate governance structure affects the quality of accounting disclosure and information quality assessment and guides analysts to accurately forecast future performance. There is no consensus definition for corporate governance, but its ultimate goal is to achieve accountability, transparency, justice, fairness, and respect for the rights of all stakeholders. Corporate governance is not related to the primary operations of a company. Still, it is related to leading the company, monitoring the activities of the CEO, and assessing the accountability power of the company’s executives to stakeholders. A proper corporate governance system can help companies gain investors’ trust and encourage investment.
  • 871
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Manufacturing Practices
Sustainable manufacturing was defined as "the creation of manufactured products that use processes that minimize negative environmental impacts, conserve energy and natural resources, are safe for employees, communities, and consumers and are economically sound".
  • 869
  • 12 Sep 2021
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