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Topic Review
Whistleblowing Maturity Framework
Empirical research identifies whistleblowing as one of the most effective internal antifraud controls. Very recently, Directive 1937/2019 became effective in the EU, aiming to deal with the defragmentation of whistleblowing legislation among the member states and provide common minimum accepted standards.
  • 457
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Banking Union
The Banking Union in the European Union is the transfer of responsibility for banking policy from the national to the EU level in several countries of the European Union, initiated in 2012 as a response to the Eurozone crisis. The motivation for banking union was the fragility of numerous banks in the Eurozone, and the identification of vicious circle between credit conditions for these banks and the sovereign credit of their respective home countries ("bank-sovereign vicious circle"). In several countries, private debts arising from a property bubble were transferred to sovereign debt as a result of banking system bailouts and government responses to slowing economies post-bubble. Conversely, weakness in sovereign credit resulted in deterioration of the balance sheet position of the banking sector, not least because of high domestic sovereign exposures of the banks. As of mid-2020, the Banking Union mainly consists of two main initiatives, the Single Supervisory Mechanism and Single Resolution Mechanism, which are based upon the EU's "single rulebook" or common financial regulatory framework. The SSM took up its authority on 4 November 2014, and the SRM entered into full force on 1 January 2015. Most accounts of banking union view it as incomplete in the absence of a European deposit insurance. The European Commission made a legislative proposal for a European Deposit Insurance Scheme in November 2015, but it has not been adopted by the EU co-legislators. Also as of mid-2020, the geographical scope of the Banking Union is identical to that of the euro area. In future, other non-euro member states of the EU may join the Banking Union under a procedure known as close cooperation. Bulgaria and Croatia have initiated requests for close cooperation, respectively in July 2018 and May 2019.
  • 457
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cannibalization (Marketing)
In marketing strategy, cannibalization refers to a reduction in sales volume, sales revenue, or market share of one product as a result of the introduction of a new product by the same producer.
  • 457
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Tools for Estimating the Cost of Carbon
Concepts and models of climate economics developed by researchers and modelers in recent decades have been suitable primarily for large scales of analysis and often in a top-down manner. The local dimension of climate policy is increasingly testing the adequacy of these concepts and models, as local governments begin to explore how to estimate the cost of carbon locally and thereby a local carbon price to formulate progressive climate policy. The question is what existing concepts, models, and methods can do for local climate governance and for incorporating local GHG emissions reduction into national targets. The cost of carbon is the value attributed to one unit of carbon (per ton) and the price of carbon is the explicit price for that unit of carbon for the market. In climate policy, the cost of carbon should inform the price of carbon. Carbon pricing embraces these concepts as the “polluter pays” principle and in practice, carbon tax and the carbon market (e.g., emissions trading, carbon credits) are the most well-known carbon pricing mechanisms that reflect this principle. The cost-benefit considerations and impact assessment of climate policies need to include carbon cost concepts such as the SCC or MAC, which also can influence the structure of a given IAM that analyzes the impacts and associated costs. SCC and MAC as concepts are different and complementary, while IAMs as tools operationalize these concepts inclusively. IAMs have been developed to expand and integrate additional components as scientific knowledge on the climate system and climate economics advances. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that IAMs will include more features that take into account the increasing nuances required in carbon cost calculation and become more complex. The progresses of IAMs are expected to focus on microscales.
  • 456
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Corporate Social Responsibility Engagements Drive Consumer–Company Identification
Companies expend significant financial resources on corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities to enhance their image. Local-community-focused CSR tends to influence the consumer-company identification (CCI) of egoistic consumers, while environment-focused CSR activities, such as the creation of environmentally-friendly products, drive biospheric consumers’ identification. Broader humanity-focused CSR, such as fair-trade initiatives, significantly influences the CCI of egoistic consumers, but not of altruistic consumers. These findings demonstrate to other economies the significance of local and global companies’ CSR practices and how such activities should be aligned to the CCI of their customer base unique to the region.
  • 456
  • 07 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Consumer Choice for Milk and Dairy in Romania
The debate around milk and dairy consumption has become more important along with the increase of nutritional information, the consumers’ need for ensuring balanced and healthy diets for themselves and their children [3], but also due to the possible environmental impact of animal farms, and even possible health risks determined by this type of products such as allergies or intolerance. Increasingly, how the choices made by consumers affect the development of the planet, meaning sustainable choices, including food products, are getting to be more present in the regular choice patterns.
  • 456
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Air Cargo Logistics Industry in South Africa
The air cargo logistics industry is part of the services offered in the aviation sector. The industry fulfils a segment of the supply chain system for the seamless distribution of goods to meet consumers’ demands.
  • 455
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Spatial Convergence of Carbon Productivity
China’s provincial carbon productivity has conditional convergence and club convergence characteristics. The convergence speed of dynamic panel regression estimation is greater than that of cross-sectional regression. The convergence rate of dynamic spatial panel regression estimation is faster depending on the spatial spillover difference between the two technologies. In the early stage, the provincial spatial dependence of China’s carbon productivity is mainly knowledge spillover, and the convergence rate is lower than that of the closed economy. Over the past decade, the spatial spillover, dominated by low-carbon technology diffusion, has become the dominant force. The convergence rate is significantly faster than that of a non-spatial-dependent economy. In addition, the mechanism test found that the development of energy efficiency dominates the spatial transfer of technology, so the overall convergence of carbon productivity in China mainly comes from the apparent convergence of energy efficiency in provinces and cities. The conclusion provides a new reference for the emission reduction actions of countries worldwide because the spatial knowledge spillover carried by capital flows is not conducive to the pursuit of carbon productivity in less developed regions. On the contrary, the dissemination and diffusion of low-carbon technologies can significantly reduce carbon equivalent input in the production process, accelerating the pursuit of developing countries or regions. 
  • 454
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Workforce in Relation to Information Communication Technology
Innovative technologies automation affects human labor or job positions, the development and consolidation of ICT, and advancements in artificial intelligence, robotic technology, and so forth. Adopting new technology, such as AI, causes skill shortages and skill mismatches among individuals in firms. Robots reduced global employment in the relevant sectors by five percent between 2005 and 2014. Depending on the degree of technological development, the impact on the labor market is different.
  • 453
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Hotels’ Online Attributes and Customer Satisfaction
This research examines the impact of different types of destinations (commercial and religious) on the relationship between customer satisfaction and hotel service quality attributes, as assessed by their online review ratings.
  • 453
  • 04 Dec 2023
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