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Topic Review
The Free Banking School
The Free Banking School is a term used for economists who study the costs and benefits of the competitive issue of currency by banks. 
  • 516
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Zero-Waste Management and Sustainable Consumption in 2011-2021
The growth of waste generation is a global problem. Developing effective waste management methods is challenging for companies and the government. There is a growing trend in the number of zero-waste management’s publications and citations during 2011-2021. Regarding the h-index, the five most relevant journals are the Journal of Cleaner Production, Resources Conservation and Recycling, Waste Management, Waste Management Research, and Sustainability. 
  • 377
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
William Jennings Bryan Presidential Campaign, 1896
In 1896, William Jennings Bryan ran unsuccessfully for President of the United States. Bryan, a former Democratic congressman from Nebraska, gained his party's presidential nomination in July of that year after electrifying the Democratic National Convention with his Cross of Gold speech. He was defeated in the general election by the Republican candidate, former Ohio governor William McKinley. Born in 1860, Bryan grew up in rural Illinois and in 1887 moved to Nebraska, where he practiced law and entered politics. He won election to the House of Representatives in 1890, and was re-elected in 1892, before mounting an unsuccessful US Senate run. He set his sights on higher office, believing he could be elected president in 1896 even though he remained a relatively minor figure in the Democratic Party. In anticipation of a presidential campaign, he spent much of 1895 and early 1896 making speeches across the United States; his compelling oratory increased his popularity in his party. Bryan often spoke on the issue of the currency. The economic Panic of 1893 had left the nation in a deep recession, which still persisted in early 1896. Bryan and many other Democrats believed the economic malaise could be remedied through a return to bimetallism, or free silver—a policy they believed would inflate the currency and make it easier for debtors to repay loans. Bryan went to the Democratic convention in Chicago as an undeclared candidate, whom the press had given only a small chance of becoming the Democratic nominee. His 'Cross of Gold' speech, given to conclude the debate on the party platform, immediately transformed him into a favorite for the nomination, and he won it the next day. The Democrats nominated Arthur Sewall, a wealthy Maine banker and shipbuilder, for vice president. The left-wing Populist Party (which had hoped to nominate the only silver-supporting candidate) endorsed Bryan for president, but found Sewall unacceptable, substituting Thomas E. Watson of Georgia. Abandoned by many gold-supporting party leaders and newspapers after the Chicago convention, Bryan undertook an extensive tour by rail to bring his campaign to the people. He spoke some 600 times, to an estimated 5,000,000 listeners. His campaign focused on silver, an issue that failed to appeal to the urban voter, and he was defeated. The 1896 race is generally seen as a realigning election. The coalition of wealthy, middle-class and urban voters that defeated Bryan kept the Republicans in power for most of the time until 1932. Although defeated in the election, Bryan's campaign made him a national figure, which he remained until his death in 1925.
  • 832
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Governance in Estonian Agricultural Cooperatives
Little is known about the board structures and processes adopted by agricultural cooperatives, particularly in Eastern European countries. Researchers address this substantial knowledge gap by focusing on Estonian agricultural cooperatives. They do it by studying extant literature and analysing survey results from a sample of 23 Estonian agricultural cooperatives.
  • 301
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Organizational Ambidexterity of SMEs
According to the organizational learning theory, there are two types of corporate activities, exploitation and exploration, for enhancing and improving corporate performance. However, organizations are continually faced with choosing between these two conflicting activities that require different organizational structures, strategies, and environments, respectively. 
  • 547
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Young Employees’ Perceptions about Employability Skills for E-Commerce
With the digital transformation of businesses, digital marketing has been a prominent feature of organizations in the 21st century. Changing consumer behavior has also created a need for versatile hard and soft skills for marketing professionals. Given the dynamic growth of the e-commerce market and the trends mentioned above, it is expected that the needs of the labor market will also change. University education aims to develop key competences. Understanding which competences are considered important could improve the motivation of students. 
  • 692
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Experienced Workplace Incivility and Instigated Workplace Incivility
Multiple forms of workplace incivility exist in organizations, including experienced workplace incivility and instigated workplace incivility. Workplace uncivil behaviors can have financial repercussions for the organization due to customer loss, bad reputation, low levels of creativity from employees, and high employee turnover intention. Employees being victims of experienced workplace incivility (EWI) may feel stress due to an unhealthy work environment and may ultimately respond with instigated workplace incivility (IWI).
  • 595
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Digitalisation in the Energy Sector Enterprisess
The energy sector is an important sector of the economy, determining the socio-economic development of each country and, globally, having a strong impact on the environment and climate change. This makes energy an area of the global economy where major technological and organisational transformations are taking place, based on a wide range of digital innovations being implemented.
  • 567
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Natural Gas in the Transition of Energy
Natural gas is considered an important bridge in the transition of energy in the world. However, the development and management of unconventional gas now face many challenges.  Natural gas consumption and population have a long-run relationship with CO2 emissions. Consistent with other studies, there is a positive relationship between CO2 emissions and natural gas consumption, GDP, and population.
  • 805
  • 18 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Corporate Governance in Investment Efficiency, Financial Information Disclosure
Corporate governance minimizes the conflicting interests between internal and external stakeholders and shareholders. The corporate governance structure affects the quality of accounting disclosure and information quality assessment and guides analysts to accurately forecast future performance. There is no consensus definition for corporate governance, but its ultimate goal is to achieve accountability, transparency, justice, fairness, and respect for the rights of all stakeholders. Corporate governance is not related to the primary operations of a company. Still, it is related to leading the company, monitoring the activities of the CEO, and assessing the accountability power of the company’s executives to stakeholders. A proper corporate governance system can help companies gain investors’ trust and encourage investment.
  • 830
  • 13 Dec 2022
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