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Topic Review
Consistently Inconsistent Perceptual Illusions in Nonhuman Primates
Visual illusions fascinate humans, in large part because we realize how such experiences disconnect how we perceive the world from reality. The discovery that other animals also experience some of these illusions has provided a compelling comparative story about the role that perception plays in sometimes misrepresenting the nature of the real world. What has also become apparent from comparative studies is that not all animals experience illusions the same way, and sometimes the same individual may not experience some illusions while experiencing others.
  • 379
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Constituent State
A constituent state is a state entity that constitutes a part of a sovereign state. A constituent state holds regional jurisdiction over a defined administrative territory, within a sovereign state. Government of a constituent state is a form of regional government. Throughout history, and also in modern political practice, most constituent states are part of complex states, like federations or confederations. Constituent states can have republican or monarchical forms of government. Those of republican form are usually called states or autonomous states, republics or autonomous republics, or cantons. Those that have a monarchical form of government are often defined by traditional hierarchical rank of their ruler (usually a principality, or an emirate).
  • 3.1K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Constitutive Role of Communication in Organizations
The focal point of the communicative constitution of organizations is that “organization is an effect of communication not its predecessor”. This approach, also referred to as the CCO perspective, posits that "elements of communication, rather than being fixed in advance, are reflexively constituted within the act of communication itself".
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Constructing an Online Sustainable Educational Model
The outbreak of COVID-19 forced billions of learners to stay at home in order to receive online education.  Challenges should also be addressed to sustain online education during the pandemic. Designers, scientists, and teachers should make every effort to increase learning engagement, enhance learning supervision, formulate adequate emergency programs, minimize educational inequalities, solve technical issues, and formulate systematic learning management and organization. The sustainable online educational model may be updated and perfected by including more practical features in the future. 
  • 587
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Supply Chain
An increasing amount of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is generated in the demolition, retrofitting, and new construction of buildings and municipal infrastructure projects. Engineering construction units, as CDW producers, often follow the principle of prioritizing interests, and will accumulate garbage and send it to landfills.
  • 586
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Construction Differentiation Pattern of African Railway Network
Since the new century, countries in Africa have started a new round of rail network planning and construction which brings the completed different features together with the spatial organization of the railway network during the colonial period. Along with the strategic layout of “going out” with China’s railways, the organizational structure of the African railway network will make a tremendous change for the construction market, network organization, and gauge structure of the African railways.
  • 964
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Construction of EU Tourism Data Spaces
Tourism Data Spaces are steering traditional tourist destinations towards smarter, more sustainable models, by playing a pivotal role in improving decision-making and personalizing tourism services. The tourism sector is facing challenges to access to data which could be overcome thanks to the implementation of Tourism Data Spaces. TDSs promote a clear governance, technical standards and balancing diverse stakeholders interests in the tourism industry. The concept of *Smart Tourism Destinations* (STD) has represented a revolution in the management and promotion of tourism destinations, driving the integration of information and communication technologies to improve tourism competitiveness and visitor experience. The emergence of the concept of “Smart Tourism Destinations” has its roots in the creation and evolution of “Smart Cities”.
  • 227
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Constructionism (Learning Theory)
Constructionist learning is the creation by learners of mental models to understand the world around them. Constructionism advocates student-centered, discovery learning where students use what they already know, to acquire more knowledge. Students learn through participation in project-based learning where they make connections between different ideas and areas of knowledge facilitated by the teacher through coaching rather than using lectures or step-by-step guidance. Further, constructionism holds that learning can happen most effectively when people are active in making tangible objects in the real world. In this sense, constructionism is connected with experiential learning and builds on Jean Piaget's epistemological theory of constructivism. Seymour Papert defined constructionism in a proposal to the National Science Foundation titled Constructionism: A New Opportunity for Elementary Science Education as follows: Some scholars have tried to describe constructionism as a "learning-by-making" formula but, as Seymour Papert and Idit Harel say at the start of Situating Constructionism, it should be considered "much richer and more multifaceted, and very much deeper in its implications than could be conveyed by any such formula." Papert's ideas became well known through the publication of his seminal book Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas (Basic Books, 1980). Papert described children creating programs in the Logo educational programming language. He likened their learning to living in a "mathland" where learning mathematical ideas is as natural as learning French while living in France.
  • 547
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Constructivist Epistemology
Constructivist epistemology is a branch in philosophy of science maintaining that scientific knowledge is constructed by the scientific community, who seek to measure and construct models of the natural world. Natural science therefore consists of mental constructs that aim to explain sensory experience and measurements. According to constructivists, the world is independent of human minds, but knowledge of the world is always a human and social construction. Constructivism opposes the philosophy of objectivism, embracing the belief that a human can come to know the truth about the natural world not mediated by scientific approximations with different degrees of validity and accuracy. According to constructivists there is no single valid methodology in science, but rather a diversity of useful methods.
  • 11.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Consumer Attitudes/Preferences towards Traditional Food Products in Vojvodina
The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina is a province located in the northern part of the Republic of Serbia, known for its rich cultural heritage, diverse traditional food products, and culinary traditions. The multifarious traditional food of Vojvodina is influenced by different cultures and ethnic groups that have inhabited this region over the centuries, including Serbs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, and others.
  • 342
  • 24 Aug 2023
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