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Topic Review
Trade Growth under Preferential Trade Agreements
The EU is the world’s leading trade power and plays a leading role in international trade negotiations. Almost all trade negotiations between EU and developing countries aim at liberalizing all trade products (from agriculture to manufactured products) and services to increase the revenues of exporting countries, offer consumers in the importing countries a wider choice of goods and services at lower prices (because of increased competition), and then allow all countries to produce and export the goods and services with which they are best placed to compete. The Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) is essentially a free trade area and is expected to stimulate more production, thereby increasing exports to the EU market. From theory, it is known that each country fully specializes in the production of the good in which it has a “comparative” cost advantage in production and, therefore, trades other goods with the other country, generating gains from trade. Thus, specialization and trade translate into an increase in total production and a reduction in costs.
  • 469
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Trade Openness and Sustainable Government Size
The ongoing discussion regarding the role of the free market economy and the extent of state intervention is a critical subject in economics. This matter holds special significance for transition economies, as it presents both challenges and opportunities in such contexts. One may perceive the degree of trade openness as a path toward welfare societies. However, the dual impacts of trade openness on an economy, namely, the compensation and efficiency hypotheses, must be considered. The compensation hypothesis proposes that global trade can enhance the economic influence of the state, whereas the efficiency hypothesis advocates for a contraction in the state’s economic undertakings.
  • 249
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Traditional African Medicine
Traditional African medicine is a range of traditional medicine disciplines involving indigenous herbalism and African spirituality, typically including diviners, midwives, and herbalists. Practitioners of traditional African medicine claim to be able to cure a variety of diverse conditions including cancer, psychiatric disorders, high blood pressure, cholera, most venereal diseases, epilepsy, asthma, eczema, fever, anxiety, depression, benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary tract infections, gout, and healing of wounds and burns and even Ebola. Diagnosis is reached through spiritual means and a treatment is prescribed, usually consisting of a herbal remedy that is considered to have not only healing abilities but also symbolic and spiritual significance. Traditional African medicine, with its belief that illness is not derived from chance occurrences, but through spiritual or social imbalance, differs greatly from modern scientific medicine, which is technically and analytically based. In the 21st century, modern pharmaceuticals and medical procedures remain inaccessible to large numbers of African people due to their relatively high cost and concentration of health facilities in urban centres. Traditional medicine was the dominant medical system for millions of people in Africa prior the arrival of the Europeans, who introduced western-based medicine, which was a noticeable turning point in the history of this tradition and culture. Herbal medicines in Africa are generally not adequately researched, and are weakly regulated. There is a lack of the detailed documentation of the traditional knowledge, which is generally transferred orally. Serious adverse effects can result from mis-identification or misuse of healing plants. The geographical reach of this article is Sub-Saharan Africa. Though, of course neighbouring medical traditions influenced traditional African medicine.
  • 806
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Traditional and Authentic Food of Vojvodina's Ethnic Groups
Gastronomic heritage and traditional and authentic gastronomy are significant factors for tourism development. Gastronomic heritage is a part of cultural heritage which has been the subject of numerous research works recently. The national cuisine, specific to a place, characterizes the local culture and is considered to be authentic cuisine. It is also a tool for attracting tourists seeking authenticity. Preserving the gastronomic heritage serves not only to attract tourism, but is also territorial capital offering social and economic benefits for local areas, and contributes to preserving the uniqueness of the different ethnic groups in the area.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Traditional and Virtual Teams during the COVID-19 Pandemic
The social distance imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic alongside the development of technology has positively affected people’s personal lives and the every-day working manner and environment. Currently, people can communicate and work together remotely, from different locations, cities, or even countries, very similar to the way they would work while sharing the same office. The world displays a brand-new face people have never seen before, while the business world encounters challenges never experienced until now (i.e., the imperative to reimagine work conditions in order to create a productive climate for all parties involved via a mixture of face-to-face and virtual interaction). As the result of the global virtualization trend, new types of organizations have emerged, being composed of work groups aiming to promote innovation and that have the purpose to increase the capacity of work, and the phenomenon has had an unexpected rhythm since the outbreak of the pandemic. The digitalization of the work processes has enabled remote work and the building of virtual teams in various fields of activity and for all types of companies and entities. Thus, the virtual society started to expand the global electronic space and information became more and more available through technology. Getting in contact with coworkers and leadership and sharing work and results remotely is no longer a challenge, but business as usual. The term “virtuality” has a large range of meanings in the specialized literature. The global dimension of virtualization is permanently compared to the features of the local and regional traditional teams, when it comes to the dimensional and relational aspects, involving geographical dispersion and electronic communication and interconnection. New typologies of organizational structures and the new forms of organizations emerged (i.e., organizational structures availing more flexibility in terms of schedule, location, co-presence), most of them being a virtual response to a present, more complex business environment, impacted by turmoil and uncertainty, thus creating new ways and means for both people and organizations worldwide to benefit from fresh opportunities (i.e., a better work-life balance, intercultural and transnational teamwork and coordination, etc.).
  • 841
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Traditional Ecological Knowledge versus Ecological Wisdom
A novel concept has emerged in the landscape planning and design field as a response to environmental sustainability, which is known as ecological wisdom (EW). EW is defined as the ability to make prudent actions in contextual ecological practices. On the other hand, Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) has been developing for a long time and become a reference for environmental management. It refers to the evolving knowledge acquired by indigenous and local peoples over hundreds or thousands of years through direct contact with the environment. It is concerned with the relationship of living beings (including humans) with their traditional groups and environment. This study would like to search for evidence and define the distinction between both topics and find that they are distinct from their definition, agent, sources, and research scope. This study also found that TEK and EW could be similar when discussing the topic of indigenous culture capital, traditional knowledge, ecosystem services, and sustainability in the context of cultural landscape research. It also proposed a conceptual framework to help scholars to understanding the relationship between TEK and EW in the cultural landscape. Furthermore, states the potential areas for research improvement among TEK, EW, and its convergence.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Traffic Calming Measures
The ever-increasing use of motor vehicles causes a number of traffic safety and community issues, which are particularly severe in cities, accompanied by a scarcity of parking spaces and challenges encountered in road layout alteration projects. The commonly applied solutions include the designation of through streets, the implementation of on-street parking on residential streets, and retrofitted traffic calming measures (TCMs).
  • 329
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Traffic Congestion
Traffic congestion is ubiquitous in large cities around the world; where it leads to increased air pollution, vehicle noise, and travel time for private and public transportation. These challenges reduce the well-being of both road users and urban populations. 
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Traffic Flow Forecasting Technology
The sustainable development of mankind is a matter of concern to the whole world. Environmental pollution and haze diffusion have greatly affected the sustainable development of mankind. According to previous research, vehicle exhaust emissions are an important source of environmental pollution and haze diffusion. The sharp increase in the number of cars has also made the supply of energy increasingly tight. In this entry, we have explored the use of intelligent navigation technology based on data analysis to reduce the overall carbon emissions of vehicles on road networks. We have implemented a traffic flow prediction method using a genetic algorithm and particle-swarm-optimization-enhanced support vector regression, constructed a model for predicting vehicle exhaust emissions based on predicted road conditions and vehicle fuel consumption, and built our low-carbon-emission-oriented navigation algorithm based on a spatially optimized dynamic path planning algorithm. The results show that our method could help to significantly reduce the overall carbon emissions of vehicles on the road network, which means that our method could contribute to the construction of low-carbon-emission intelligent transportation systems and smart cities.
  • 775
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Trans Women’s Health Conditions in Sex Work
Because of employment segregation, which leads to economic and social constraints, some trans women engage in sex work to satisfy basic needs and to achieve financial autonomy. In general, trans women sex workers, broadly known as women who exchange sex for money or other goods, experience widespread violations of their human rights due to the intersection of transgender stigma, sex work stigma, and other marginalized identities facing personal struggles related to their bodies and health.
  • 276
  • 28 Nov 2023
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